Ngữ Pháp (Grammar)

• Study notes for Ngữ Pháp (Grammar)

Theory

• Understand the definition of a phrase.
• Learn to identify the noun head in a sentence.
  • The number of students has been increasing
  • The number of students who choose to learn English have increased recently.
  • Example: The book that my dad gave me is interesting
  • NP: The book that my dad gave me
• Learn Determiner Function
• Understand verb phrase structure
  • Example: I have been playing games all morning.
• Understand Adverb phrase structure/function
• Understand Adjective phrases structure/function
• Recognize the different types of sentences.
• Learn Coordinating/subordinating conjunctions are.
• Know the different word classes (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective,…).
• Identify clause elements/constituents/functions (S,V,O,C,A).
  • Example: I consider Nam (Od) my best friend (Co).

Exercises

• Identify the Noun/verb/adverb phrase/determiner in a sentence

Verb Phrases

• In "Cutting your hand with that sharp knife can hurt yourself," the verb phrase is "can hurt."
• In "You should have been punished for disobeying that rule," the predicator (main verb) is "punished" and the operator is "should".

Complements and Functions

• In "I don’t know who will help you," identify the function of complement of verb phrase .
• In "I have actually moved to this place for 2 days," identify the function of complement of verb phrase.
• In "He never goes to bed early," identify the function of the underlined adverb phrase.
• In "I don’t know her quite well," identify the function of the underlined adverb phrase, which is similar to "I sing a song beautifully" (V+ manner).

Phrase Identification

• Identify the type of underlined phrase in "They study as hard as their sister".
• Identify the adverb phrase in "They study better than their sister".
• "Amazingly smart student" is an adjective phrase.
• In "He seems quite famous in our country," identify the function of the adjective phrase.

More Phrase Identification

• In "so cold to get out of the house," identify the head of the phrase (non-finite to- clause – post-modifier of the AdjP).
• In "much happier than I was yesterday," identify the form of the pre-modifier.
• In "I am really busy studying these days," identify the form of the post-modifier of the adjective phrase.

Sentence Completion

• Use the best form to complete: "It is _____ to drink at least 2 liters of water a day (ADVICE)."
• Use the best tense to complete: "Whenever I _______ (meet) him, I will stop to talk to him."

Definitions

• "__________ come before a noun and indicate the kind of reference the noun has, whether the noun is singular or plural, and possession" defines determiners.
• "__________ adjectives have the - ed/-en or -ing endings that we normally associate with verbs (e.g. bored/boring, fascinated/fascinating, etc.)" refers to Participial adjectives.

Verb Tenses

• Choose the correct tense: "Mrs. Smith (teach) ___________ in this school since 1998 or maybe earlier." (A. has taught)

Determiners

• There are four types of determiners based on their position in noun phrases.
• A premodifier of a noun (determiner/adj/N + N) is NOT a function of an adverb phrase.

Sentence Analysis

• In "She is a beautiful girl that is almost twenty years old," identify the numeral determiner
• In "Studying English can be seen as an effective way to get good job," identify the verb phrase.
• The sentence "This road may have been being widened this time last year" contains three auxiliary verbs.
• "Peter and Marry sang and dance during the last party" is a simple sentence.
• "He speaks foreign language so well, not only French, but also English" is a simple sentence.