New France History

• The content covers the History of Quebec Education 304, specifically focusing on New France from 1608-1760

Colonization

• Colonization is claiming land and establishing colonies for the benefit of the mother country
• A colony is a territory ruled and exploited by another state
• A mother country possesses colonies
• Examples: France/Great Britain (mother countries), New France/Thirteen Colonies (colonies)

Trading Post Colony

• Territory taken over by Europeans where natural resources were exploited and traded
• Required a small, temporary European population

Settlement Colony

• Territory taken over by Europeans to exploit natural resources for settling colonists
• Europeans settled permanently in the colony

Samuel de Champlain and Québec City

• Champlain first came to Canada in 1603 and saw the potential of the fur trade
• The King of France told Champlain to find a location for permanent settlement and develop the fur trade
• In 1608, Champlain founded Quebec City, the first permanent settlement of New France
• Quebec's location was chosen because it has easy navigation on the St. Lawrence, natural defenses and close to Native allies for the fur trade

L'Abitation

• Champlain's group built the first fortified trading post in Quebec City called L'Abitation
• L'Abitation allowed the Indigenous to bring furs to a specific location for the fur trade
• New France became a trading post colony
• Champlain became the first governor

Champlain's Explorations

• Champlain Explored the Richelieu River, Lake Champlain, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, and the Ottawa River with the help of the Indigenous

People Champlain Brought

• The first farmer, Louis Hebert and his family in 1617, the first settlers
• The Recollets and Jesuits who led the religious efforts in the colony among the Indigenous
• Soldiers to defend against the Iroquois Confederacy and the English
• The Company of A Hundred Associates in 1627 to oversee the fur trade
• Champlain is often referred to as the Father of New France

Mercantilism

• Mercantilism is an economic theory where a country's power is measured by its gold supply
• The most important economic activity for exports at a place and time makes the most money
• Early economic staple: fish and whaling
• Furs replaced fish and whaling
• The goal: exports > Imports
• Colonies supply the mother country with resources
• European countries wanted colonies to extract resources and sell manufactured goods

Economic Dependence

• Mercantilism kept colonies extremely dependent on their mother countries
• All goods came from France
• Mercantilism = Make Money for Mother Country

The Fur Trade

• Indigenous people hunted, killed, and skinned animals
• The Indigenous people traded furs at trading posts to the French
• Hats were sold throughout Europe
• The profits from hats became gold and were brought back to France

Early Fur Trade

• King was interested in establishing a colony in New France to exploit the fur trade in the early 17th century
• The King granted a company a monopoly over the fur trade (exclusive right to sell)
• The Company of 100 Associates was set up to run the colony in 1627
• The company promised the King money and to bring 3,000 settlers over 15 years
• The population of New France remained low because of the Company of 100 Associates.
• More profit was in the fur trade than in settlement

The Seigneurial System

• The Company of One Hundred Associates was given the task of distributing land to new settlers
• The seigneurial system was put in place in order to develop the land, increase the population, bring in new settlers, and diversify the economy
• Seigneuries were long rectangular lots around the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Rivers
• Rivers provided water for irrigation/transportation/communication

Social Organization of the Seigneurial System

• Company of 100 Associates
• Seigneur, owns a seigneury and divides it into censives
• Censitaires were peasants who rented censives from a seigneur

Seigneur Responsibilities

• Loyal to the king
• Keep a census
• Bring in settlers
• Build a road
• Pay taxes

Seigneur Responsibilities

• Build a church
• Pay the tithe (church tax)

Censitaire Responsibilities

• Clear and farm land
• Unpaid work (3 days/year)
• Pay to use the flour mill
• Maintain roads
• Pay rent and taxes

Seigneur Rights

• Front row at church
• Granted land
• Receive rent and labor from censitaires

Censitaire Rights

• Granted land by a Seigneur
• Use local mill and common pasture
• Protected by a seigneur
• Keep their profits

Indigenous Relations

• The French wanted to strengthen their relationship with the Indigenous to obtain more furs and convert them to Christianity
• In 1603 with the Innu, Maliseet and Algonquian trade alliance was expanded
• In 1616, the Hurons-Wendatt became main provider of furs for the French

French Alliances

• The French built a series of alliances in North America to discover and claim more land
• Missionaries lived among the Indigenous and learned their language to evangelize them

Indigenous Conflicts

• Alliance made with the Hurons-Wendatt made the Iroquois Confederacy (5 Nations) enemies of the French
• English allied with the Iroquois
• The British wanted control over fur trade and asked the Iroquois to attack New France and its allies and provided Iroquois with guns
• Iroquois attacked French settlements along the St. Lawrence

Conflict With the Indigenous

• Negative consequence of fur trade-
• Maliseet and Algonquians directed the French to the Hurons in the Great Lakes region
• The Iroquois allied with the English and removed the Hurons from the fur trade attacking Huronia in 1649
• Survivors resettled around Quebec City
• The French had to find new allies leading to exploration of North America

Territorial Expansion

• Positive consequence of fur trade, the need to search for more sources of furs expanded New France's territory
• Resulted in war with British colonies
• By 1745, the French had discovered Louisiana, Illinois and le Pays d'en Haut (North of the Great Lakes), Canada and Acadia

Conflict with the English

• Negative consequence of the fur trade as New France's expansion led to conflict with the Thirteen Colonies
• The Thirteen Colonies also wanted the fur trade profits
• Thirteen Colonies felt threatened by New France's westward expansion which limited resources
• New France and the Thirteen Colonies were at war, ultimately leading to the conquest of New France in 1760

Role of the Catholic Church

• The Church in New France tried to evangelize the Indigenous and set up missions and villages where Christianized aboriginals lived
• Indigenous converts to Christianity who adopted French ways were known as domiciliés
• Indigenous culture was too strong and few Natives converted
• The Church ran hospitals, education, took care of the needy, and kept parish records (births, marriages, deaths)

Founding of Ville-Marie(Montreal)

• In 1642, Paul Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance founded Ville-Marie
• Maisonneuve was sent to convert the Indigenous people and make Ville-Marie a religious city
• Jeanne Mance set up the first hospital, L'Hotel Dieu
• Marguerite Bourgeois set up the first school to educate Indigenous girls
• Ville-Marie was closer to furs, but also closer to enemies (Iroquois)

Trading Post Colony Characteristics

• Purpose: Exploit the Fur trade to benefit the companies who had a monopoly over it.
• A trading post colony limited New France's growth, needed few people to profit, remained dependent on France, and had an demographic imbalance

Low Demography

• Why Was New France's demography so low?
• The fur trade required few settlers
• The settlers faced the threat of the Iroquois and the English
• There were long/cold winters and isolation from France
• Only Catholics were allowed in New France
• The Company had more profit in fur trade than settling

Stages of Colonization

• Trading Post Colony (1608-1663): commercial colony controlled by fur trading companies, single economic activity (fur trade)
• Settlement Colony (1663-1760): diverse, based on settlement, controlled by the King, agriculture and ship building

Society Period

• The Period of Royal Government (1663-1760)
• The demography of New France in 1663 was 3,035 people, mostly adult men
• In 1663, King Louis XIV took direct control of his colony

Why?

• New France's demographics were very low compared to the British Thirteen colonies
• Established the Royal Government and a settlement colony
• The King ruled without having to justify his decisions
• This kind of power is called absolutism
• Absolutism is = the divine right of Kings.

Security

• Militia: non-professional, unpaid
• The Carignan-Salières regiment. the first military sent to defend colony against Iroquois and Thirteen Colonies

Jean Talon

• First Intendant of New France in 1665
• Goals: increase population and diversify economy

Immigration

• Les Filles du Roy: 770 orphan girls sent by the King to New France to marry colonists and increase population
• Solders were offered free land from the regiment to stay in the colony and 400 stayed
• Les engages were hired as contract workers for 3 years

Population Policies

• Fines for those not married (boys 20, girls 16)
• Money to families with over 10 kids
• No fur trade licence for single men
• Dowries given to all newly married couples

Diversifying Economy

• Jean Talon encouraged agriculture and imported domesticated animals
• He created industries like hat-making, breweries, ship building, and tanneries
• The fur trade remained the economic staple
• Triangular trade was put in place between France and its North American colonies

Triangular Trade

• Raw goods from New France and the Antilles were turned into manufactured products in France
• Colonists had no choice except to buy from the mother country, France

Coureur de bois

• New France's Companies hired healthy men in order to obtain furs
• Also known as "Runner of the Woods"

Great Peace of Montreal

• 1701 with forty Nations including the Iroquois
• Eliminated Attacks between each other
• Guaranteed the Iroquois would stay neutral in conflict between French and English

Canadiens Culture

• Canadiens (habitants) emerged and were characterized by the need to adapt
• Farther from France meant less social hierarchy
• Citizens felt a sense of belonging rather than to France

Mutual Influences

• Food: Maple Syrup and the Three sisters
• Clothing: Animal skins
• Resources such as toboggans, canoes

Inter Colonial Wars

• France and Great Britain wanted to control the fur trade and expand territory leading to wars
• Led their colonies to war also

First Intercolonial War

• Involved the War of the League of Augsburg(1689-16970
• England declared war against France to end France's territorial expansion in 1689
• French and Native allies attacked the Thirteen colonies using guerilla warfare
• Britain tried to capture Quebec City but Governor Frontenac defended successfully
• The Peace Treaty of Ryswick 1697 ruled in favor of winning the war

Second Intercolonial War

• Involved the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
• New France defended successfully in the war of expansion unlike Great Britain.
• France ceded territory to Great Britain

Peace Treaty of Utrecht 1713

• Granted access to Hudson's Bay and fishing at Newfoundland
• Signed Thirty Years of Peace
• Colonists built fortress to protect entrance to St.Lawrence river

Third Intercolonial War

• Involved the War of Austrian Succession (1744-1748)
• Another war between France and Great Britain as well as The Succession of the Austria throne - Louisbourg was captured by British But French won the war

Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle

• Treaty that returned Louisbourg to the French with no territorial loss

Seven Years War

• (1765-1763): the Seven Years war was the first global conflict after war first erupted over the Ohio valley. This was the last war with the French.
• The British and French fought over the Ohio valley and established trade relations - IN 1754 Group of militia men the thirteen Colonies occupied the Ohio Valley, causing issues
• British prepared for the next war

Deportation of Acadians

• In 1755, French speaking people were deported from Nova Scotia and given aid by local French speakers
• The reason to avoid siding during battles and promote immigration, the Acadians were sent to the Thirteen colonies

Priorities

• France wanted to expand in Europe and win in Europe
• Great Britain pushed to win over North America leading to reinforcements

Capture of Louisbourg

• In 1758, the British captured the fortress of Louisbourg thanks to James Wolfe the British controlled access to the St-Lawrence River. Preparing for French invasion

Siege of Quebec

• On June 27th 1759, 50 British warships landed on l'île d'Orléans.
• James set up canons at Levis (south shore)
• Many force landing attempts near Montmorency

Plains of Abraham

• Wolfe set up cannons and bombarded the city, several attempts were made near the site. The night of September 12-13, Wolfe leads 4,500 soldiers
• The French overpowered the British, Wolfe and Montcalm were wounded and died. Quebec surrendered

Capitulation of Montreal

• After Quebec's capture the War was over - In 1760
• The French handed over the British to the city
• Major reasons for the the victory British Naval power, French under population, British want it more