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Questions and Answers
What percentage of circulating leucocytes do neutrophils comprise?
What percentage of circulating leucocytes do neutrophils comprise?
- 40-75% (correct)
- 60-90%
- 25-50%
- 10-30%
What is the term used to describe an increased number of neutrophils in the blood?
What is the term used to describe an increased number of neutrophils in the blood?
- Neutrophilia (correct)
- Lymphocytosis
- Granulocytosis
- Leukopenia
In which type of infections is neutrophilia commonly observed?
In which type of infections is neutrophilia commonly observed?
- Viral infections
- Fungal infections
- Acute bacterial infections (correct)
- Parasitic infections
Which of the following substances is NOT found in neutrophils' granules?
Which of the following substances is NOT found in neutrophils' granules?
What is one of the functions of lysozyme found in neutrophil granules?
What is one of the functions of lysozyme found in neutrophil granules?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of eosinophils compared to neutrophils?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of eosinophils compared to neutrophils?
In which of the following conditions is the absolute number of eosinophils most likely to increase?
In which of the following conditions is the absolute number of eosinophils most likely to increase?
What percentage of total blood leucocytes do eosinophils typically comprise?
What percentage of total blood leucocytes do eosinophils typically comprise?
What component do eosinophil granules lack that is typically found in neutrophil granules?
What component do eosinophil granules lack that is typically found in neutrophil granules?
Which statement is true regarding the size of eosinophils compared to neutrophils?
Which statement is true regarding the size of eosinophils compared to neutrophils?
What is the main similarity between basophils and mast cells?
What is the main similarity between basophils and mast cells?
Which substance is primarily found in the granules of basophils?
Which substance is primarily found in the granules of basophils?
What initiates the degranulation of basophils and mast cells?
What initiates the degranulation of basophils and mast cells?
Approximately what percentage of circulating leucocytes do basophils comprise?
Approximately what percentage of circulating leucocytes do basophils comprise?
Which of the following best describes the role of IgE in the functionality of basophils?
Which of the following best describes the role of IgE in the functionality of basophils?
What type of cells are lymphocytes classified as?
What type of cells are lymphocytes classified as?
Which of the following locations is NOT a site where lymphocytes are present in large numbers?
Which of the following locations is NOT a site where lymphocytes are present in large numbers?
What percentage of circulating leucocytes do lymphocytes typically comprise?
What percentage of circulating leucocytes do lymphocytes typically comprise?
What is one of the main functions of lymphocytes in the immune system?
What is one of the main functions of lymphocytes in the immune system?
Which of the following lymphocyte types is directly involved in targeting infected or cancerous cells?
Which of the following lymphocyte types is directly involved in targeting infected or cancerous cells?
What characterizes Reed-Sternberg cells?
What characterizes Reed-Sternberg cells?
Which type of giant cells are formed from dividing nuclei of neoplastic cells?
Which type of giant cells are formed from dividing nuclei of neoplastic cells?
In which condition would you most likely find uniform distribution of osteoclastic giant cells?
In which condition would you most likely find uniform distribution of osteoclastic giant cells?
Which statement about giant cells in tumors is incorrect?
Which statement about giant cells in tumors is incorrect?
Which of the following tumours is associated with anaplastic cancer giant cells?
Which of the following tumours is associated with anaplastic cancer giant cells?
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Study Notes
Neutrophils
- Neutrophils make up a significant portion of circulating white blood cells, ranging from 40% to 75%.
- Their numbers increase in the blood, a condition called neutrophilia, during acute bacterial infections.
- Neutrophil granules contain various substances crucial for their function, including:
- Proteases: enzymes that break down proteins.
- Myeloperoxidase: plays a role in the production of reactive oxygen species, which are toxic to bacteria.
- Lysozyme: an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
- Acid and alkaline phosphatase: enzymes involved in various cellular processes.
Eosinophils
- Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that are larger than neutrophils but less numerous, making up 1-6% of total leukocytes.
- While eosinophils have granules that are richer in myeloperoxidase than neutrophils, they lack lysozyme.
- Elevated eosinophil counts (eosinophilia) are associated with a number of conditions, including:
- Allergic reactions
- Parasitic infections
- Skin diseases
Eosinophils
- Larger than neutrophils but less abundant, making up 1-6% of white blood cells
- Granules are richer in myeloperoxidase but lack lysozyme
- Elevated eosinophil counts indicate conditions like:
- Allergic reactions
- Parasitic infections
- Skin diseases
Basophils and Mast Cells
- Basophils and mast cells are similar in structure and function, with both containing granules containing heparin and histamine.
- Basophils represent about 1% of circulating leukocytes.
- Both basophils and mast cells have receptors for IgE.
- When IgE receptors are cross-linked with antigen, both cells degranulate, releasing histamine and heparin.
Lymphocytes: Key Players in Immunity
- Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte), specifically an agranulocyte, meaning they lack granules in their cytoplasm.
- They are the most abundant circulating leukocytes, making up 20-45% of the total.
- Lymphocytes are not only found in blood but also reside in significant numbers within lymphoid organs such as the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
- Lymphocytes come in three main types: T lymphocytes (T cells), B lymphocytes (B cells), and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
- Lymphocytes are crucial for the immune system's ability to recognize and respond specifically to infectious microorganisms and other foreign substances.
Giant cells in tumours
- Giant cells are large cells that form in tumours
- Anaplastic cancer giant cells are formed by dividing nuclei of neoplastic cells
- Found in carcinomas such as liver cancer and sarcomas
- Reed-Sternberg cells are malignant giant cells
- Usually binucleate (have two nuclei)
- Characteristic of Hodgkin’s lymphomas
- Giant cell tumour of bone has a uniform distribution of osteoclastic giant cells
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