Neurotransmitters and the Central Nervous System

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Which practice was popular in the 1800's and assessed the brain by examining enlargements (or bumps) of the skull?

Phrenology (correct)

Brain mapping methods

Cognitive functioning tests

Neuropsychology tests

What did phrenologists associate with the enlargements (or bumps) of the skull?

Cognitive functioning

Personality traits and abilities (correct)

Language and culture

Brain damage

What was the outcome of the practice of phrenology?

Still being studied

Proven to be false (correct)

Proven to be true

Inconclusive

What are neuropsychology tests presently used for?

Testing cognitive functioning Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when designing neuropsychology tests?

Language and culture influences Signup and view all the answers

In what type of studies are brain scans used to study behavior in animals?

Brain lesion studies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of brain mapping methods?

Mapping the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with learning and memory?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory and causes a calming effect?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter influences arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with brain arousal, mood, hunger, and sleep?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with motor function and reward?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug interacts with neurotransmitter systems and affects mood, arousal, or behavior?

Psychoactive drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) measure?

Changes in blood oxygen level Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique measures changes in brain activity by examining consumption of radioactive glucose-like molecules?

Positron emission tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of astrocytes in the brain?

Control blood flow in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

The membrane potential when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the brain?

Form the myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between neurons through which neurotransmitters travel called?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and understanding language?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for vision?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which set of structures, located near the center of the brain, is involved in movement and muscle control?

Basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain plays a key role in fear, excitement, and arousal?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain connects the cerebral cortex and spinal cord?

Brain stem Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Conveys signals between the brain and the body Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Internal organs and glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

Releases hormones that influence various bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of how behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work called?

Epigenetics Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear funnels sound waves to the eardrum?

Outer ear Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear converts vibration into neural activity?

Inner ear Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that specific locations along the basilar membrane match specific tones and pitches?

Place theory Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that the rate of action potentials is related to pitch?

Frequency theory Signup and view all the answers

What is conductive hearing loss?

Hearing loss caused by something that stops sound from getting through the outer or middle ear Signup and view all the answers

What is nerve deafness?

Hearing loss caused by damage to auditory nerve in the inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What is nerve-induced hearing loss?

Hearing loss caused by damaged hair cells Signup and view all the answers

What are olfaction and gustation commonly referred to as?

The chemical senses Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nose interacts with airborne chemicals to detect odors?

Nasal passages Signup and view all the answers

Where do taste buds respond to different tastes?

Papillae Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the process of transduction?

Transduction is the process by which the nervous system converts an external energy into excitation or inhibition of neurons in the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a sense receptor?

Sense receptors are specialized cells that transduce a specific stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sensory adaptation?

Sensory adaptation is the weakening of the response to a stimulus after the initial activation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of physical stimuli and their interactions with our sensory systems called?

Psychophysics Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the detection of physical energy by the sensory organs, while perception is the brain's interpretation of raw sensory information. Signup and view all the answers

What is an illusion?

An illusion is when perception does not match reality. Signup and view all the answers

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

The field of neuropsychology studies how behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when designing neuropsychology tests?

An important consideration when designing neuropsychology tests is the cultural and linguistic background of the individual being tested. Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between neurons through which neurotransmitters travel called?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains our ability to perceive color based on three primary colors: blue, green, and red?

Trichromatic theory Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect?

Just noticeable difference Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye controls the amount of light that enters the eye?

Iris Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when a person sees nearby objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry?

Myopia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of sense receptor in the eye?

Ganglion cells Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere?

Inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which theory views attention as a bottleneck through which only the most important information passes?

Filter theory of attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to detect important information in a noisy environment?

Cocktail party effect Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ability to make correct guesses about visual information without being consciously aware of the object?

Blindsight Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process by which the nervous system converts an external energy into excitation or inhibition of neurons in the brain?

Transduction Signup and view all the answers

What is a specialized cell that transduces a specific stimulus called?

Sense receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the activation of our senses being greatest when we first detect a stimulus, followed by a weakening of the response?

Sensory adaptation Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of physical stimuli and their interactions with our sensory systems called?

Psychophysics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when perception does not match reality?

Illusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the detection of physical energy by the sensory organs?

Sensation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the brain's interpretation of raw sensory information?

Perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere?

Inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect?

Difference threshold Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the eye controls the amount of light that enters the eye?

Iris Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition where a person sees nearby objects clearly, but objects in the distance may be blurry?

Myopia Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for sharpness of vision?

Fovea Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor cells in the eye allow us to see in color?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the blind spot in our visual field?

Scotoma Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains our ability to perceive color based on three primary colors: blue, green, and red?

Trichromatic theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to perceive ongoing motion?

Motion blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the perception of hearing based on the physical properties of sound waves?

Audition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sound that corresponds to the frequency of a wave?

Pitch Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amplitude or loudness/volume of sound?

Loudness Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cochlea in the inner ear?

To convert vibration into neural activity Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that the rate of action potentials is related to pitch?

Frequency theory Signup and view all the answers

What is conductive hearing loss?

Hearing loss caused by something that stops sound from getting through the outer or middle ear Signup and view all the answers

What are the five basic tastes that we are sensitive to?

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami Signup and view all the answers

Where are taste buds located?

In the tongue Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing smell and taste?

The olfactory cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the somatosensory system?

To respond to stimuli applied to the skin, temperature, and injury Signup and view all the answers

What is proprioception?

Our sense of movement and action Signup and view all the answers

What are monocular depth cues?

Depth cues that rely on one eye Signup and view all the answers

What is perceptual constancy?

The process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters and the Central Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

Which practice was popular in the 1800's and assessed the brain by examining enlargements (or bumps) of the skull?

What did phrenologists associate with the enlargements (or bumps) of the skull?

What was the outcome of the practice of phrenology?

What are neuropsychology tests presently used for?

What is an important consideration when designing neuropsychology tests?

In what type of studies are brain scans used to study behavior in animals?

What is the main focus of brain mapping methods?

Which neurotransmitter is associated with learning and memory?

Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory and causes a calming effect?

Which neurotransmitter influences arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory?

Which neurotransmitter is associated with brain arousal, mood, hunger, and sleep?

Which neurotransmitter is associated with motor function and reward?

Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles?

Which type of drug interacts with neurotransmitter systems and affects mood, arousal, or behavior?

Which imaging technique uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure?

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) measure?

Which imaging technique measures changes in brain activity by examining consumption of radioactive glucose-like molecules?

What is the function of astrocytes in the brain?

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the brain?

What is the space between neurons through which neurotransmitters travel called?

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and understanding language?

Which part of the brain is responsible for vision?

Which set of structures, located near the center of the brain, is involved in movement and muscle control?

Which part of the brain plays a key role in fear, excitement, and arousal?

Which part of the brain connects the cerebral cortex and spinal cord?

What is the function of the spinal cord?

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

What is the study of how behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way genes work called?

Which part of the ear funnels sound waves to the eardrum?

Which part of the ear converts vibration into neural activity?

Which theory suggests that specific locations along the basilar membrane match specific tones and pitches?

Which theory suggests that the rate of action potentials is related to pitch?

What is conductive hearing loss?

What is nerve deafness?

What is nerve-induced hearing loss?

What are olfaction and gustation commonly referred to as?

Which part of the nose interacts with airborne chemicals to detect odors?

Where do taste buds respond to different tastes?

Which statement best describes the process of transduction?

What is the role of a sense receptor?

What is the function of sensory adaptation?

What is the study of physical stimuli and their interactions with our sensory systems called?

What is the main difference between sensation and perception?

What is an illusion?

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

What is an important consideration when designing neuropsychology tests?

What is the space between neurons through which neurotransmitters travel called?

Which theory explains our ability to perceive color based on three primary colors: blue, green, and red?

Which term refers to the smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect?

Which part of the eye controls the amount of light that enters the eye?

What is the condition called when a person sees nearby objects clearly, but distant objects appear blurry?

Which of the following is NOT a type of sense receptor in the eye?

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

What is the term for the failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere?

Which theory views attention as a bottleneck through which only the most important information passes?

What is the term for the ability to detect important information in a noisy environment?

Which term refers to the ability to make correct guesses about visual information without being consciously aware of the object?

Which term refers to the process by which the nervous system converts an external energy into excitation or inhibition of neurons in the brain?

What is a specialized cell that transduces a specific stimulus called?

What is the term for the activation of our senses being greatest when we first detect a stimulus, followed by a weakening of the response?

What is the study of physical stimuli and their interactions with our sensory systems called?

What is the term for when perception does not match reality?

What is the term for the detection of physical energy by the sensory organs?

What is the term for the brain's interpretation of raw sensory information?

What is the term for the failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere?

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

What is the term for the smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect?

Which portion of the eye controls the amount of light that enters the eye?

What is the term for the condition where a person sees nearby objects clearly, but objects in the distance may be blurry?

Which part of the eye is responsible for sharpness of vision?

Which type of receptor cells in the eye allow us to see in color?

What is the term for the blind spot in our visual field?

Which theory explains our ability to perceive color based on three primary colors: blue, green, and red?