29 Questions
What is the molecular weight of Epoetin Alpha?
30,000 - 34,000 dalton
What is the primary function of Erythropoietin in the body?
Increasing the production of red blood cells
What is the indication for Epoetin Alpha in patients with chronic renal failure?
To replace inadequate production of endogenous EPO by failing kidneys
What is the source of Epoetin Alpha production?
Genetically engineered mammalian CHO cells
What is the mechanism of action of Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)?
Promoting progenitor proliferation, differentiation, and some functional activation
What is the administration route for Epoetin Alpha?
Intravenous (i.v) or subcutaneous (s.c) administration
What is the primary function of the presynaptic receptor in the synapse?
Releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse
What is the role of second messengers in signal transduction?
To amplify the signal from the ligand
What is the result of the binding of a ligand to the receptor protein?
The receptor protein undergoes a conformational change
What is the primary function of the postsynaptic receptor?
Receiving signals from the presynaptic cell
What is the role of ions, especially calcium, in signal transduction?
To participate in the sequence of biochemical reactions
What is the ultimate result of signal transduction in the nucleus?
Changes in gene expression
What is the primary function of the rep gene in the AAV virus?
Directing the integration of viral DNA into human chromosome 19
What is the limitation of the AAV vector in terms of gene size?
It can only carry genes up to 4.8 kb
Why is it difficult to develop a packaging cell line for the AAV vector?
Due to the toxic nature of the rep gene products
What is the characteristic of the herpes simplex virus that makes it suitable for carrying large therapeutic genes?
It has a large genome capable of carrying genes up to 150 kb
What happens to the AAV vector without a helper virus?
It integrates into the host genome and remains as a provirus
What is the advantage of using the herpes simplex virus as a gene vector?
Genes delivered can be maintained indefinitely as an episome in long-lived cells
What is the primary consequence of phagocytosis of the DNA/calcium phosphate particle in this technique?
Endosome formation and exposure of DNA to degradation
What is the primary function of the hydrophobic lipid anchor in cationic lipids?
To aid in the formation of cationic liposomes
What is the role of cationic lipids in liposomes?
To control the distribution of DNA particles in the body and induce cytosis
What is the common linker group found in cationic lipids?
Alkyl ether
What is the role of the cationic head group in cationic lipids?
To complex with the negatively charged DNA
What is the function of the colipid in liposomes?
To facilitate the fusion of the DNA/lipid complex with the cell membrane
What is the result of the interaction between cationic liposomes and negatively charged surface cyclic polynucleotide (plasmid)?
The aggregation of lipid particles surrounding the DNA
What is the charge of the common counterions found with the cationic lipids?
Negative
What is the outcome of the lipid fusion and DNA collapse process at a critical lipid concentration?
The initiation of lipid fusion and DNA collapse
What is the consequence of the interaction between the cationic lipids and the DNA molecules?
DNA condensation
What is the typical size range of multilamellar liposomes formed from cationic lipid and colipid?
300-700 nm
Test your understanding of the process of synaptic transmission, including the role of neurotransmitters, presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors, and signal transduction pathways. Learn how cells communicate with each other through chemical signals and how these signals are transmitted across the cell membrane. Assess your knowledge of the biological responses triggered by these signals.
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