Neurotransmitters and Signal Transduction in Synaptic Transmission

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What is the molecular weight of Epoetin Alpha?

50,000 - 54,000 dalton
30,000 - 34,000 dalton (correct)
40,000 - 44,000 dalton
20,000 - 24,000 dalton

What is the primary function of Erythropoietin in the body?

Stimulating the production of white blood cells
Increasing the production of red blood cells (correct)
Regulating the immune response
Activating platelet production

What is the indication for Epoetin Alpha in patients with chronic renal failure?

To treat anaemia associated with cancer
To increase the production of white blood cells
To replace inadequate production of endogenous EPO by failing kidneys (correct)
To stimulate platelet production

What is the source of Epoetin Alpha production?

Genetically engineered mammalian CHO cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)?

Promoting progenitor proliferation, differentiation, and some functional activation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the administration route for Epoetin Alpha?

Intravenous (i.v) or subcutaneous (s.c) administration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the presynaptic receptor in the synapse?

Releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of second messengers in signal transduction?

To amplify the signal from the ligand (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the binding of a ligand to the receptor protein?

The receptor protein undergoes a conformational change (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the postsynaptic receptor?

Receiving signals from the presynaptic cell (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ions, especially calcium, in signal transduction?

To participate in the sequence of biochemical reactions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate result of signal transduction in the nucleus?

Changes in gene expression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rep gene in the AAV virus?

Directing the integration of viral DNA into human chromosome 19 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of the AAV vector in terms of gene size?

It can only carry genes up to 4.8 kb (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to develop a packaging cell line for the AAV vector?

Due to the toxic nature of the rep gene products (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the herpes simplex virus that makes it suitable for carrying large therapeutic genes?

It has a large genome capable of carrying genes up to 150 kb (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the AAV vector without a helper virus?

It integrates into the host genome and remains as a provirus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using the herpes simplex virus as a gene vector?

Genes delivered can be maintained indefinitely as an episome in long-lived cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of phagocytosis of the DNA/calcium phosphate particle in this technique?

Endosome formation and exposure of DNA to degradation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hydrophobic lipid anchor in cationic lipids?

To aid in the formation of cationic liposomes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cationic lipids in liposomes?

To control the distribution of DNA particles in the body and induce cytosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common linker group found in cationic lipids?

Alkyl ether (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cationic head group in cationic lipids?

To complex with the negatively charged DNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the colipid in liposomes?

To facilitate the fusion of the DNA/lipid complex with the cell membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between cationic liposomes and negatively charged surface cyclic polynucleotide (plasmid)?

The aggregation of lipid particles surrounding the DNA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the common counterions found with the cationic lipids?

Negative (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the lipid fusion and DNA collapse process at a critical lipid concentration?

The initiation of lipid fusion and DNA collapse (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the interaction between the cationic lipids and the DNA molecules?

DNA condensation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of multilamellar liposomes formed from cationic lipid and colipid?

300-700 nm (A) Signup and view all the answers