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Questions and Answers
Which structure of a neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which structure of a neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
What is the key difference between a unipolar and a bipolar neuron?
What is the key difference between a unipolar and a bipolar neuron?
What is the main role of the axon terminal?
What is the main role of the axon terminal?
According to the provided text, what is the primary relationship between the function and structure of a neuron?
According to the provided text, what is the primary relationship between the function and structure of a neuron?
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Which of the following neuron types is not explicitly mentioned in the text?
Which of the following neuron types is not explicitly mentioned in the text?
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Which structure directly regulates the movement of substances between the intracellular and extracellular fluids?
Which structure directly regulates the movement of substances between the intracellular and extracellular fluids?
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Within the soma, which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?
Within the soma, which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?
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What is the main function of the nucleus within a cell structure?
What is the main function of the nucleus within a cell structure?
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Which of the following structures are found directly on a dendritic spine?
Which of the following structures are found directly on a dendritic spine?
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Who is credited with performing the first psychosurgery?
Who is credited with performing the first psychosurgery?
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What did Antonio Egas Moniz perform?
What did Antonio Egas Moniz perform?
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What is the primary role of actin filaments within the dendritic spine?
What is the primary role of actin filaments within the dendritic spine?
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Which part of the neuron receives input signals through the means of postsynaptic density?
Which part of the neuron receives input signals through the means of postsynaptic density?
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What is a commissurotomy?
What is a commissurotomy?
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Which structure is severed during a commissurotomy?
Which structure is severed during a commissurotomy?
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The postsynaptic density is the region of the dendritic spine that contains several key elements such as?
The postsynaptic density is the region of the dendritic spine that contains several key elements such as?
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Which of these functions is most clearly associated with the lysosome?
Which of these functions is most clearly associated with the lysosome?
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What was a noted observation after the first commissurotomy on humans?
What was a noted observation after the first commissurotomy on humans?
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What is 'alien hand' phenomenon often associated with?
What is 'alien hand' phenomenon often associated with?
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What is the 'Easy Problem' of consciousness, according to David Chalmers?
What is the 'Easy Problem' of consciousness, according to David Chalmers?
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What is the primary cytoskeletal protein responsible for the dynamic shape changes observed in dendritic spines?
What is the primary cytoskeletal protein responsible for the dynamic shape changes observed in dendritic spines?
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According to the information presented, what is the typical time scale for significant shape changes in dendritic spines such as elongation, shortening or complete disappearance?
According to the information presented, what is the typical time scale for significant shape changes in dendritic spines such as elongation, shortening or complete disappearance?
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What is one of the main functional roles of ion channels, as depicted in the diagram?
What is one of the main functional roles of ion channels, as depicted in the diagram?
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What is the main purpose of myelin sheaths on axons?
What is the main purpose of myelin sheaths on axons?
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Where are protein complexes, such as ion channels, primarily located in the neuronal membrane?
Where are protein complexes, such as ion channels, primarily located in the neuronal membrane?
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Which feature of the axon is directly involved in regenerating the action potential, as implied by the diagram?
Which feature of the axon is directly involved in regenerating the action potential, as implied by the diagram?
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What term best describes the capability of dendritic spines to change shape and structure over time?
What term best describes the capability of dendritic spines to change shape and structure over time?
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Where are the charged particles, that use ion channels, primarily located?
Where are the charged particles, that use ion channels, primarily located?
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What term is used to describe the specialized connection between two nerve cells?
What term is used to describe the specialized connection between two nerve cells?
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What is the physical relationship between the tip of a twig of the arborescence and the dendrite or cell body of another cell?
What is the physical relationship between the tip of a twig of the arborescence and the dendrite or cell body of another cell?
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What is the significance of the lack of continuity between the material of the arborization of one cell and that of the dendrite of another cell?
What is the significance of the lack of continuity between the material of the arborization of one cell and that of the dendrite of another cell?
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What is the primary function of transporter proteins found within the axon terminal?
What is the primary function of transporter proteins found within the axon terminal?
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What does the term 'synapse' literally mean?
What does the term 'synapse' literally mean?
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What cellular structure is responsible for the transport of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters towards the presynaptic membrane?
What cellular structure is responsible for the transport of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters towards the presynaptic membrane?
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Which of the following best describes an 'afferent' axon?
Which of the following best describes an 'afferent' axon?
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What is the primary function of an 'efferent' axon?
What is the primary function of an 'efferent' axon?
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According to Sherrington's concept of the synapse, what is the nature of the connection between two nerve cells?
According to Sherrington's concept of the synapse, what is the nature of the connection between two nerve cells?
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What type of structural element is described as resembling a ‘twig of the arborescence’?
What type of structural element is described as resembling a ‘twig of the arborescence’?
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What role do adhesion molecules play in the synapse?
What role do adhesion molecules play in the synapse?
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What is the main implication of the lack of physical continuity between nerve cells at the synapse?
What is the main implication of the lack of physical continuity between nerve cells at the synapse?
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Where are neurotransmitter receptors primarily located?
Where are neurotransmitter receptors primarily located?
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What is the synaptic cleft?
What is the synaptic cleft?
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What is the purpose of ion channels in synaptic transmission?
What is the purpose of ion channels in synaptic transmission?
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Besides their use in vesicle movement, what other important role is played by microtubules in the neuron?
Besides their use in vesicle movement, what other important role is played by microtubules in the neuron?
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Study Notes
The Heyday of Neurosurgery
- Neurosurgery practices date back to 300 BCE, with early forms of dissection.
- The first psychosurgery was performed by Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt in 1891.
- Antonio Egas Moniz, alongside Almeida Lima, performed frontal leucotomies in the 1930s, receiving a Nobel Prize for this work.
- Watts, Freeman, and Scoville were involved in the development and experimentation of psychosurgery, influencing mental health care in the 1930s.
The Split Brain
- Commissurotomy involves severing the connections between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
- The first human commissurotomy occurred in 1940, with more prevalent procedures in the 1960s.
- Gazzaniga and Sperry (1967) observed little impact on daily behavior, temperament, or intellect following commissurotomy.
- The procedure sometimes resulted in "alien hand" syndrome, where the hands act independently and in conflict.
Lateralization of Function
- Speech is often localized to the left hemisphere.
- Cerebral hemispheres present with asymmetry.
- There is specialization in each hemisphere.
Cells of the Nervous System
- The brain comprises ~170 billion cells (~86 billion neurons & ~84 billion glia).
- Various brain regions demonstrate different ratios of neurons to glia cells.
Types of Neurons
- Neurons exhibit diverse shapes, corresponding to their distinct functions.
- Types include multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons.
- Different neuron shapes relate to distinct functional roles.
The Neuron
- A neuron consists of the soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal (terminal button).
- Dendrites receive signals, the axon transmits them, and the axon terminal transmits signals to another cell.
The Soma
- The soma is the cell body of a neuron.
- It includes rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chromatin (DNA), nucleolus, and nuclear membrane.
Dendrites
- Dendrites increase the surface area for signal reception by possessing dendritic spines.
- These spines increase the number of connections neurons have with other neurons.
- Dendritic spines have dendritic shafts and dendritic heads.
Dendritic Spines
- Dendritic spines are crucial for synaptic transmission and plasticity.
- They have diverse shapes and sizes, directly relating to the neurons' function.
- They contain postsynaptic densities of specialized proteins in the spine heads where signals are received.
Semipermeable Membrane
- Cell membranes are semipermeable, allowing certain substances to pass while restricting others.
- Proteins and other specialized molecules regulate which substances pass through the membrane and when.
The Synapse
- The synapse is the junction between two neurons, enabling communication.
- Communication across the synapse involves chemical signaling using neurotransmitters.
- Chemical signals pass across the synaptic cleft between presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals.
Fast Axonal Transport
- Axon terminals communicate with other neurons by releasing chemicals which travel across the gaps between neurons.
- Kinesin uses ATP to transport cargo along microtubules from the soma to the axon terminals.
- Retrogade transport moves cargo from axon terminals to the soma (dynein).
Axon Terminal
- The axon terminal contains specialized structures for neurotransmitter release.
- Mitochondria in the axon terminal provide energy as they are responsible for various processes in the axon terminals.
- Neurotransmitters travel along specialized vesicles to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
The Tripartite Synapse
- The tripartite synapse incorporates an astrocyte, the pre-synaptic neuron, and the post-synaptic neuron.
- Astrocytes play roles in modulating synaptic transmission and activity.
- It's imperative to consider this tripartite model in studies examining neuronal interactions, as well as in disease states.
A Common Scenario
- Communication between neurons happens chemically.
- Axons conduct electrical impulses, which convert to chemical signals at the synapse.
- Electrical signals enable communication between neurons.
Astrocytes
- Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that supports neurons.
- They help form the blood-brain barrier.
- Astrocytes facilitate the transport of nutrients and other molecules among neurons and blood vessels.
Synchronization of Multiple Synapses
- Astrocytes are crucial in synchronizing the activity of numerous synapses.
- They form interconnected networks that synchronize presynaptic and postsynaptic activity.
Types of Axons
- Efferent axons carry signals away from a region.
- Afferent axons carry signals toward a region.
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Description
Explore the evolution of neurosurgery from ancient practices to modern techniques. Learn about significant procedures like commissurotomy and their implications on brain functions such as lateralization. This quiz delves into the foundational concepts and notable figures who have influenced the field of neuroscience.
