Neuroscience Studies: Basal Ganglia
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Questions and Answers

Explain the importance of the balance between direct and indirect pathways in the initiation and inhibition of movements.

The balance between direct and indirect pathways is crucial for initiating or inhibiting movements.

How does dopamine's role extend beyond movement control?

Dopamine's role extends to include motivation and reward processing.

How can understanding the intricate workings of the Basal Ganglia (BG) inform treatments for movement disorders?

Understanding the BG can inform treatments through interventions like pharmacotherapy and DBS.

What role can insights into the reward-related functions of Basal Ganglia play in addressing neurological disorders?

<p>Insights into reward-related functions can guide approaches for addressing motivational aspects of neurological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can knowledge of Model-Free Habitual Learning impact research and treatment in neurological disorders?

<p>Knowledge of Model-Free Habitual Learning can inform research and treatment strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the limbic cortex differ from the sensorimotor cortex in terms of their connections to the striatum?

<p>Limbic Cortex connects to striosomes (mostly caudate nucleus), while Sensorimotor Cortex connects to striatal matrix (mostly putamen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the limbic striatum play in influencing the output of the striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN)?

<p>The limbic striatum transmits motivation that filters cortical input to the MSN, affecting the likelihood of a given action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are movement disorders classified based on the basal ganglia (BG) involvement?

<p>Movement disorders can be classified as hypokinetic (deficiency in movement) or hyperkinetic (excess of movement) based on BG dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does corticostriatal plasticity in the basal ganglia (BG) play in learning and adaptation of actions?

<p>Corticostriatal plasticity in BG supports learning and adaptation of actions based on reinforcement history and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the basal ganglia (BG) described in terms of their function in the brain?

<p>The BG are like the brain's conductor, directing when and how to move or not to move, and helping form habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general expectation regarding movement in individuals with basal ganglia (BG) diseases?

<p>Given the excitatory/inhibitory circuit of the BG, one expects BG diseases to involve either excessive movement (hyperkinetic) or insufficient movement (hypokinetic).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Optogenetic Studies by G Cui et al., Nature, 2013 demonstrate regarding the basal ganglia pathways during movement?

<p>Both direct and indirect pathways of BG are activated during movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Deep Brain Stimulation Reviews (Volkmann, 2004; Breit et al., 2004), what is the effectiveness of DBS in treating Parkinson's disease?

<p>DBS is effective in treating Parkinson's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the Reward Signalling literature by Graybiel (2005)?

<p>The role of dopamine in BG as a signal for unexpected rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Model-Free Habitual Learning study (PMID: 26189204), what did researchers investigate regarding corticostriatal plasticity?

<p>The role of corticostriatal plasticity in forming habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study on Goal-Directed Actions and Cortico-BG Loop (PMID: 22388818) show regarding mice and rewards?

<p>Mice can learn to control sounds for rewards without physical movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Model-Free Habitual Learning study (PMID: 26189204) contribute to our understanding of habit formation?

<p>Repetitive actions become more stereotyped through learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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