Ch.15-17 A+P Multiple Choice

Skeletal muscles and cardiac/smooth muscle, glands are the target organs for the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) to control.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) uses a two-neuron chain (preganglionic and postganglionic) to send signals to the effectors.

The ANS has two main divisions: sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest).

Parasympathetic stimulation helps your body relax and recover, stimulating digestion, lowering heart rate, and constricting pupils.

Sympathetic activation prepares your body for stressful situations or action (fight or flight), increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.

The ANS uses several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine (Ach), norepinephrine, and epinephrine, to control various bodily functions.

Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity detect odors after the odor molecules dissolve in nasal mucus.

A pathway that carries signals away from the central nervous system (CNS) to an effector (muscle or gland).

Specialized cells in the olfactory epithelium that detect odor molecules.

Cells within taste buds that detect taste molecules (tastants).

Sensory organs containing gustatory cells, located in papillae on the tongue.

Photoreceptors in the retina activated by dim light, responsible for night vision.

Photoreceptors in the retina that detect bright light and color.

Tissue at the roof of the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptor cells.

Elevations on the tongue's surface that house taste buds.

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami are the fundamental tastes humans perceive.

A change in a variable that triggers a cellular response, either internal or external.

A device or organ that converts one form of energy into another, translating a physical stimulus into a signal understood by the nervous system.

Simple sensory structures found throughout the body, including skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs.

Specialized receptors located in complex sense organs of the head, handling senses like smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance.

A receptor that detects chemicals dissolved in fluid, sensing both external and internal environments

A receptor that detects changes in temperature, often found in the skin and hypothalamus.

A receptor that detects light intensity, color, and movement. Crucial for vision.

A receptor that detects distortion of a cell membrane; responsible for senses like touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

Release hormones into the bloodstream, affecting target cells.

One hormone triggers the release of another hormone.

Hormone release triggered by changes in nutrient or ion levels.

Hormones that diffuse directly across cell membranes and bind to receptors inside the cell.

Hormones that use membrane-bound receptors and intracellular signaling cascades.

High hormone levels cause a decrease in its own production.

High hormone levels cause an increase in its own production.

Water-soluble hormone signaling mechanism through the receptor, G protein, and second messengers.

A signaling pathway that utilizes small molecules, like cAMP or IP3, to amplify and spread signals within a cell.

A signaling pathway where a signal directly affects the activity of genes, regulating protein production.

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes growth and development, primarily by stimulating the liver to release IGF-1 and IGF-2.

Hormones produced by the liver in response to GH, which directly promote cell growth and division throughout the body.

An increase in the number of receptors on a cell's surface, making the cell more sensitive to a specific hormone.

A decrease in the number of receptors on a cell's surface, making the cell less sensitive to a specific hormone.

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and promoting calcium retention in the kidneys.

Cells in the olfactory epithelium that provide structural support and nourishment to olfactory receptor cells.

Stem cells within the olfactory epithelium that can differentiate into new olfactory receptor cells.

The five fundamental tastes humans perceive: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory).

Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for detecting low-intensity light, providing vision in dim light.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) utilizes a two-neuron chain for signaling: a preganglionic neuron originating from the CNS and a postganglionic neuron that reaches the effector organ.

Parasympathetic stimulation promotes relaxation, digestion, and energy conservation. It slows down your heart rate, stimulates digestion, and constricts your pupils.

Sympathetic activation prepares your body for action or stressful situations by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.

While we primarily think of the tongue for taste, 80% of what we perceive as taste is actually our sense of smell.

Organs that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, influencing various bodily functions.

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate physiological processes by targeting specific cells.

Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signaling pathways and ultimately altering cellular activity.

A regulatory mechanism where high hormone levels inhibit further hormone production, maintaining homeostasis.

A regulatory mechanism where high hormone levels stimulate further hormone production, amplifying the effect.

A series of events triggered by a hormone binding to its receptor, leading to a specific cellular response.

Part of the inner ear responsible for balance and spatial orientation. It consists of three semicircular canals and two sac-like structures (utricle and saccule), filled with fluid that moves in response to head movements.

Specialized sensory receptors in the vestibular system and cochlea (hearing). They detect fluid movement and sound vibrations, converting those stimuli into electrical signals.

The conscious perception of a stimulus, involving the activation of sensory receptor cells and transmission of signals to the brain.

A change in a variable that triggers a physiological response from a cell or organism, either internal or external.

A device or organ that converts one form of energy into another, particularly converting physical stimuli into signals understood by the nervous system.

General senses involve simple sensory receptors distributed throughout the body (skin, muscles, internal organs), while special senses involve specialized receptors in complex sense organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and tongue.

A common second messenger molecule involved in signal transduction, activated by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase.

An enzyme that breaks down PIP2 into DAG and IP3, two important second messengers involved in signal transduction.

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet.