Ch.15-17 A+P Multiple Choice

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Questions and Answers

Which type of cells in the olfactory epithelium are responsible for detecting odor-producing molecules?

Basal cells

Olfactory receptor cells (correct)

Gustatory cells

Supporting cells

What type of papillae on the tongue has the least number but is the largest in size?

Fungiform

Vallate (correct)

Filiform

Foliate

Which cranial nerve is not involved in the sense of taste?

Facial (VII)

Vagus (X)

Optic (II) (correct)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

What is the main function of basal cells in taste buds?

Replace short-lived gustatory cells Signup and view all the answers

Which photoreceptor type is primarily responsible for color recognition and fine detail?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

Which group of taste sensations does not belong to the basic five taste types?

Savory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the efferent pathway in the autonomic nervous system?

2-neuron chain Signup and view all the answers

What role do supporting cells play in the olfactory epithelium?

Sustain olfactory receptor cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are gustatory cells located?

In the taste buds Signup and view all the answers

What physiological responses are primarily associated with the sympathoadrenal response?

Increased heart rate and sweating Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system is directly responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT increased by parasympathetic stimulation?

Heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system have on the pupils?

Constricts the pupils Signup and view all the answers

Which component is considered a key effector of the autonomic nervous system?

Smooth muscles Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemoreceptors play in the process of olfaction?

Detect odorants dissolved in mucus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a photoreceptor?

It detects changes in light intensity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of transducers in sensory perception?

To convert physical stimuli into signals interpreted by the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

What do nociceptors specifically detect?

Painful stimuli affecting internal organs. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the inner ear is responsible for regulating balance?

Utricle and Saccule Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor primarily detects the distortion of cell membranes?

Mechanoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the endocrine system involves controlling blood glucose levels?

Homeostasis maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Which category of receptors detects chemicals in the air and in body fluids?

Chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Somatic sensory receptors are primarily responsible for which of the following?

Sensing touch, pressure, and pain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

Facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone signaling is exemplified by TSH triggering the thyroid gland?

Hormonal signaling Signup and view all the answers

How do water-soluble hormones primarily interact with target cells?

By binding to membrane receptors and activating second messengers Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of G proteins in signaling by water-soluble hormones?

To activate second messengers within the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which category includes the pituitary gland and its function?

Endocrine glands releasing hormones that stimulate other glands Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes lipid-soluble hormones from water-soluble hormones?

Lipid-soluble hormones can bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily involved in the negative feedback regulation of hormone levels?

Threshold levels signaling a decrease in secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is NOT part of the endocrine system?

Spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of growth hormones (GH) in the body?

Stimulate cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes upregulation in hormone receptor activity?

Increased receptor sensitivity due to decreased hormone levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of antagonistic hormone interactions?

One hormone counteracts the effect of another hormone Signup and view all the answers

How does calcitonin contribute to bone health?

Inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces calcium loss by kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What effects are associated with hypothyroidism?

Cold intolerance and weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing corticosteroids?

Adrenal Cortex Signup and view all the answers

What hormone releases IGF-1 and IGF-2 in response to growth hormone stimulation?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormone?

Increases metabolic rate and body temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which type of papillae on the tongue primarily supports taste perception and is located on the tips and sides?

Fungiform Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gustatory cells within taste buds?

Detect taste-producing molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photoreceptor is predominantly responsible for vision in low light conditions?

Rods Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the production and collection of lacrimal fluid in the eye?

Lacrimal apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

Replace olfactory receptor cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following taste sensations is characterized as savory and often associated with protein-rich foods?

Umami Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the structure of cones compared to rods in the retina?

Provide color recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Promote digestion and energy conservation Signup and view all the answers

What describes the number of neurons in the efferent pathway of the autonomic nervous system?

Two neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a process increased by parasympathetic stimulation?

Heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the central nervous system plays a crucial role in controlling the autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which effector response is characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system?

Dilation of pupils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in the process of olfaction?

Chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photoreceptors in the retina?

Convert light energy into electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting painful stimuli?

Nociceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes transducers?

They convert energy from one form to another Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the inner ear is primarily responsible for balance regulation?

Semicircular canals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chemoreceptors?

Detect chemicals dissolved in fluids Signup and view all the answers

Which category of receptors is associated with detecting changes in temperature?

Thermoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

How does the vestibular system in the inner ear contribute to balance?

By stimulating hair cells through fluid movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of general sensory receptors compared to special sensory receptors?

General receptors are simple structures distributed throughout the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IGF-1 and IGF-2 in the body?

Regulate hormone responses within cells through protein phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone interaction results in one hormone requiring a second hormone for its effect?

Permissive interaction Signup and view all the answers

What effect does downregulation have on hormone receptors?

Decreases the sensitivity of tissues to the hormone Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is insufficient dietary iodine regarding the thyroid gland?

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as goiter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is known to inhibit osteoclast activity?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an increased metabolic rate, weight loss, and hyperactivity?

Hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of corticosteroids in the body?

To treat inflammation and resist stress Signup and view all the answers

What happens to receptor sensitivity when blood levels of a hormone decrease?

Receptor upregulation occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in the speed of response between the endocrine and nervous systems?

The endocrine system is slower and requires the blood to transport hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in regulating blood sugar levels?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone pathway involves a change in nutrient levels triggering hormone release?

Humoral signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones compared to water-soluble hormones?

They can enter the target cell and act in the cytosol or nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback mechanism involves a hormone level triggering an increase in hormone release?

Positive Feedback Signup and view all the answers

How do water-soluble hormones primarily initiate their effects in target cells?

By activating G proteins and second messengers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is responsible for signaling other endocrine glands to release hormones?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs includes a hormone and its primary function?

Insulin – facilitates glucose uptake into cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 15: Voluntary/Involuntary

SNS vs ANS: SNS has efferent pathways for skeletal muscles; ANS has pathways for cardiac/smooth muscle, glands. SNS responses are typically excitatory; ANS responses can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
ANS Composition: ANS uses a two-neuron chain: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. SNS axons have heavy myelination; ANS axons are lightly myelinated or unmyelinated.
Neurotransmitters: SNS postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine; ANS preganglionic neurons and some postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine.
Effectors Controlled by ANS: Includes cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
Number of Neurons: ANS pathways involve two neurons while SNS pathways use only one neuron.
ANS Divisions: Sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest). Sympathetic examples: increased heart rate, dilated pupils, inhibited digestion, sweating. Parasympathetic examples: decreased heart rate, constricted pupils, stimulated digestion, urination.

Chapter 16: Sensory Systems

Olfaction (Smell): Odorants dissolve in nasal mucus to be detected by olfactory receptor cells.
Gustation (Taste): Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect tastants. Four types of papillae on the tongue.
Visual Receptors: Rods (dim light) and cones (sharpness, color). Rods contain rhodopsin, cones contain photopsin.
Auditory System (Hearing and Balance): Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect head movement; hair cells in utricle and saccule detect position and acceleration, maintaining balance.
Stimulus + Transducers: A stimulus is a change in variable; transducers convert energy from one form into another form, useful for the nervous system.
General vs. Special Senses: General senses use widespread simple receptors; special senses are centralized and have specific receptors.
Types of Receptors: Chemoreceptors detect chemicals (smell, taste, blood levels), thermoreceptors detect temperature, photoreceptors detect light (visual), mechanoreceptors detect pressure/vibration/stretch, and nociceptors detect pain.

Chapter 17: Endocrine System

Endocrine Function: Regulates development, metabolism, homeostasis, and reproductive activities through hormones.
Endocrine vs. Nervous System: Hormones are released into the bloodstream in the endocrine system, and signals travel in a specific axon in the nervous system. Endocrine responses are slower.
Hormone Types + Function: Endocrine hormones are divided into three types: those that act through hormonal binding (1 hormone activating another), humoral changes (in nutrient/ion levels), and nervous regulation (direct nervous system stimulation).
Water-Soluble vs. Lipid-Soluble Hormones: Water-soluble hormones use membrane receptors, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.
Hormone Signaling: Hormones like Thyroid and Growth Hormone can follow synergism, antagonism, or permissiveness interactions with other hormones or have feedback mechanisms. Endocrine glands influence each other through the release of hormones.
Specific Gland Functions: The notes mention the functions of the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands and their associated hormones like TSH, TH, cortisol, and insulin.

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Test your knowledge on the sensory systems related to smell and taste in this engaging quiz. Explore the roles of different cells in the olfactory epithelium and taste buds, and understand the autonomic nervous system's involvement in these senses. Ideal for students studying neuroscience or biology.