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Questions and Answers
Olfactory receptor cells are responsible for sustaining the olfactory receptor cells.
Olfactory receptor cells are responsible for sustaining the olfactory receptor cells.
False
Gustatory cells are located within taste buds predominantly on the tongue.
Gustatory cells are located within taste buds predominantly on the tongue.
True
The foliate papillae are well developed and contain many taste buds throughout life.
The foliate papillae are well developed and contain many taste buds throughout life.
False
The five basic taste sensations include Sweet, Salt, Sour, Bitter, and Umami.
The five basic taste sensations include Sweet, Salt, Sour, Bitter, and Umami.
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Rods are photoreceptors that provide color recognition and fine detail.
Rods are photoreceptors that provide color recognition and fine detail.
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The conjunctiva is an epithelial layer that covers the cornea.
The conjunctiva is an epithelial layer that covers the cornea.
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The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for producing and draining lacrimal fluid.
The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for producing and draining lacrimal fluid.
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Basal cells in taste buds are responsible for detecting taste-producing molecules.
Basal cells in taste buds are responsible for detecting taste-producing molecules.
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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of a 3-neuron chain in its efferent pathway.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of a 3-neuron chain in its efferent pathway.
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Sympathetic nervous system activation leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Sympathetic nervous system activation leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure.
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The primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (Ach).
The primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (Ach).
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The parasympathetic nervous system promotes processes such as digestion and urination.
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes processes such as digestion and urination.
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Olfaction requires that odrants be absorbed by the bloodstream to be detected.
Olfaction requires that odrants be absorbed by the bloodstream to be detected.
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Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is one of the main neurotransmitters of the ANS.
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is one of the main neurotransmitters of the ANS.
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The brainstem and hypothalamus play a significant role in controlling the autonomic nervous system.
The brainstem and hypothalamus play a significant role in controlling the autonomic nervous system.
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Cardiac and smooth muscles, as well as glands, are the effectors controlled by the somatic nervous system.
Cardiac and smooth muscles, as well as glands, are the effectors controlled by the somatic nervous system.
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The vestibular system of the inner ear consists only of three semicircular canals.
The vestibular system of the inner ear consists only of three semicircular canals.
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Prolactin is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.
Prolactin is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.
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Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla in response to nervous signaling.
Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla in response to nervous signaling.
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Sensation is the conscious perception of a stimulus.
Sensation is the conscious perception of a stimulus.
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All hormones can diffuse freely across the target cell membrane.
All hormones can diffuse freely across the target cell membrane.
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Transducers convert energy from one form to another, such as translating light into electrical signals.
Transducers convert energy from one form to another, such as translating light into electrical signals.
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Nociceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor that detects light intensity changes.
Nociceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor that detects light intensity changes.
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Hormonal stimuli involve the binding of one hormone to activate the release of another hormone.
Hormonal stimuli involve the binding of one hormone to activate the release of another hormone.
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The pituitary gland is responsible for direct control of muscle cells.
The pituitary gland is responsible for direct control of muscle cells.
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GH stimulates the liver to release only IGF-1.
GH stimulates the liver to release only IGF-1.
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Special senses include vision, hearing, and balance.
Special senses include vision, hearing, and balance.
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Chemoreceptors can only detect internal body fluid levels and cannot detect external chemicals.
Chemoreceptors can only detect internal body fluid levels and cannot detect external chemicals.
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The process of upregulation leads to a decrease in the number of receptors on the cell surface.
The process of upregulation leads to a decrease in the number of receptors on the cell surface.
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Negative feedback mechanisms decrease hormone secretion when hormone levels are too high.
Negative feedback mechanisms decrease hormone secretion when hormone levels are too high.
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Water-soluble hormones require receptors on the cell membrane to exert their effects.
Water-soluble hormones require receptors on the cell membrane to exert their effects.
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Corticosteroids are primarily used to lower nutrient levels in the blood.
Corticosteroids are primarily used to lower nutrient levels in the blood.
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The process of anabolism refers to the breakdown of complex molecules.
The process of anabolism refers to the breakdown of complex molecules.
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Thermoreceptors are located exclusively in the skin and do not exist in the hypothalamus.
Thermoreceptors are located exclusively in the skin and do not exist in the hypothalamus.
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Hyperthyroidism is characterized by a decrease in metabolic rate.
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by a decrease in metabolic rate.
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Positive feedback mechanisms serve to amplify hormone secretion during processes such as childbirth.
Positive feedback mechanisms serve to amplify hormone secretion during processes such as childbirth.
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The antagonistic interaction between hormones implies that one hormone enhances the effect of another.
The antagonistic interaction between hormones implies that one hormone enhances the effect of another.
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Calcitonin stimulates osteoclast activity in the bones.
Calcitonin stimulates osteoclast activity in the bones.
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Hypothyroidism leads to symptoms such as weight gain and feeling cold.
Hypothyroidism leads to symptoms such as weight gain and feeling cold.
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The adrenal cortex is responsible for responding to immediate stress by releasing epinephrine.
The adrenal cortex is responsible for responding to immediate stress by releasing epinephrine.
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Study Notes
Chapter 15: Involuntary Nervous System
- SNS vs ANS: SNS (somatic nervous system) controls voluntary actions, while ANS (autonomic nervous system) controls involuntary actions like heart rate and digestion. Efferent pathways connect to target organs, responding with either excitation or inhibition.
- ANS Anatomy: ANS uses two neuron pathways: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. SNS uses one neuron pathways. The axons of ANS are lightly myelinated or unmyelinated, while those of the SNS are heavily myelinated.
- SNS vs ANS Neurotransmitters: SNS uses norepinephrine and acetylcholine, while ANS generally uses acetylcholine for preganglionic neurons and either acetylcholine or norepinephrine for postganglionic neurons. Different target organs respond differently.
- ANS Divisions: Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) systems. These divisions control different bodily functions, often opposing each other. Examples of sympathetic response are increased heart rate, pupils dilation, inhibition of digestion and stimulation of sweating; examples of parasympathetic response are decreased heart rate, constriction of pupils, stimulation of digestion and increased urination.
- Number of Neurons in Efferent Pathways: ANS efferent pathways involve two neurons (pre- and postganglionic). SNS efferent pathways generally use one neuron.
Chapter 16: Sensory Systems
- Olfaction (Smell): Olfactory receptors (chemoreceptors) are stimulated by odorants in the nasal mucus. These chemicals are detected by olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium and signal to the CNS through cranial nerve 1.
- Gustation (Taste): Taste buds contain gustatory cells (chemoreceptors) that detect tastants (dissolved food chemicals) and signal to the CNS. Four main types of papillae on the tongue (filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate) contain various taste buds. Five main tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
- Vision: The conjunctiva is a epithelial layer covering the surface of the sclera and eyelids that does not cover the cornea. Photoreceptors (rods and cones) are located in the retina, receiving signals from light and sending the interpretation to the CNS, via cranial nerves.
- Hearing and Balance: Hair cells in the inner ear (semicircular canals, utricle, saccule) detect head movement and sound waves, converting them into electrical signals (interpreted by the CNS.
- General and Special Senses: Categorizing sensory receptors by groups and body locations. General senses involve simple receptors throughout the body; examples are pain, temperature, proprioception (body position), and touch; special senses, located in the head, involve more intricate structures and mechanisms for senses like vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Large receptors categories include chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors and nociceptors. These receptors detect changes in various stimuli to signal to the CNS.
Chapter 17: Endocrine System
- Endocrine System Functions: Regulates development, metabolism, and maintains homeostasis. Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions.
- Endocrine vs. Nervous: Endocrine glands secrete hormones (typically proteins or steroids) into the bloodstream, targeting distant cells; this causes a slower response compared to the nervous system, which uses neurons to stimulate very localized targets directly leading to a fast response.
- Hormone Types and Actions: Water-soluble hormones (polar) bind to target cell membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems, or lipid soluble hormones (nonpolar, lipophilic) diffuse across the membrane directly interacting with receptor proteins inside the cell or nucleus, or indirectly impacting gene expression.
- Hormone Levels Control: Control of hormones involves negative feedback loops (hormone levels affect their own secretion rates). Positive feedback loops result in a cascade effect, where one hormone's release stimulates the release of another.
- Hormone Signaling Mechanisms: Hormones signal by binding to specific receptor sites on target cells, activating intracellular pathways that mediate responses. Signal transduction involves converting extracellular signals to intracellular signals.
- Growth Hormone: Stimulates growth, development, and metabolism. IGF-1 produced by the liver plays a role, activating growth pathways.
- Thyroid Hormone: Regulates metabolic rate. T3 and T4 are crucial and their effect is amplified through the expression of gene transcription.
- Adrenal Gland Regions: Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress responses; adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids for functions like inflammation control, stress response, and repair.
- Hormonal Interactions: Hormone action is often influenced by interactions, leading to synergistic, permissive, and antagonistic effects. These effects impact the amount of impact another hormone or molecule could have, either increasing it, or decreasing it.
- Stress Response (Steps): Sympathetic NS activation (alarm), stage of resistance (cortisol elevates blood sugar), and stage of exhaustion (fat breakdown for energy, body weakness).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the human sensory systems, including olfactory and gustatory systems, as well as the autonomic nervous system. This quiz covers the structure and function of sensory receptors, taste sensations, and the role of the nervous system in regulating bodily functions. Perfect for biology students seeking to understand sensory physiology.
