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Questions and Answers
Which subunit of the G protein binds to GDP under resting conditions?
Which subunit of the G protein binds to GDP under resting conditions?
- Alpha (correct)
- Beta
- Gamma
- All of the above
What happens when the neurotransmitter binds to the G protein?
What happens when the neurotransmitter binds to the G protein?
- GDP is replaced by GDP
- GDP is replaced by GTP (correct)
- GTP is replaced by GTP
- GTP is replaced by GDP
What is the function of G proteins in neuron communication?
What is the function of G proteins in neuron communication?
- Trigger metabolic processes
- Activate genetic transcription
- Create new proteins
- All of the above (correct)
Which type of receptor is composed of subunits with four polypeptide transmembrane spanning domains?
Which type of receptor is composed of subunits with four polypeptide transmembrane spanning domains?
Which neurotransmitter tends to open chloride ion channels?
Which neurotransmitter tends to open chloride ion channels?
Which type of receptor has seven membrane-spanning domains, each with an alpha helix that binds to neurotransmitters?
Which type of receptor has seven membrane-spanning domains, each with an alpha helix that binds to neurotransmitters?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of neurotransmitters in neural communication?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of neurotransmitters in neural communication?
What is the function of myelin sheets in neural communication?
What is the function of myelin sheets in neural communication?
What is the role of postsynaptic receptors in neural communication?
What is the role of postsynaptic receptors in neural communication?
Temporal summation is when a neuron sends repeated EPSPs over time. Spatial summation is when multiple neurons send EPSPs to exceed the threshold.
Temporal summation is when a neuron sends repeated EPSPs over time. Spatial summation is when multiple neurons send EPSPs to exceed the threshold.
EPSPs increase the likelihood of generating an action potential. IPSPs decrease the likelihood of generating an action potential.
EPSPs increase the likelihood of generating an action potential. IPSPs decrease the likelihood of generating an action potential.
Chemical synapses are the main way neurons communicate. Gap junctions allow ions to move directly between glial cells.
Chemical synapses are the main way neurons communicate. Gap junctions allow ions to move directly between glial cells.
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Synapses can occur between axon-dendrite, axon-soma, or axo-axonic.
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Synapses can occur between axon-dendrite, axon-soma, or axo-axonic.
Exocytosis releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. SNARE proteins are responsible for the process of exocytosis.
Exocytosis releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. SNARE proteins are responsible for the process of exocytosis.
Neurotransmitter released by exocytosis upon action potential. Unbound neurotransmitters cleared from synapse by endocytosis or transporters.
Neurotransmitter released by exocytosis upon action potential. Unbound neurotransmitters cleared from synapse by endocytosis or transporters.
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Neurophysiology, Neurochemistry, and Neural Activity
- The brain is highly plastic and learning occurs through changes in the size of neurons and synapses based on experience.
- Neurons communicate with each other through postsynaptic potentials and neural integration at the synapse.
- The synapse is the connection between two neurons, and it can occur through gap junctions or chemical synapses.
- Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse to pass signals from one neuron to the next.
- Receptors on the postsynaptic neuron encode and affect different signals.
- Brain scans, PET imaging, and calcium imaging can be used to visualize neural activity.
- Resting membrane potential is the baseline physiological condition of neurons, and it is maintained by the phospholipid bilayer and ion channels.
- The electrical gradient is the difference in electrical charge between adjacent areas, and it is maintained by the movement of positively charged ions.
- The concentration gradient is the difference in ion concentration between adjacent areas, and it is maintained by the movement of ions along the concentration gradient.
- Action potentials are generated when the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold value, causing depolarization and the propagation of an electrical signal along the axon.
- Myelin sheets, made up of oligodendrocytes or glial cells, increase the efficiency of neural communication through saltatory conduction.
- Neurons have refractory periods, during which they cannot fire another action potential, ensuring the propagation of signals in one direction and preventing overstimulation.
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