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Questions and Answers
What is NOT a basic function of the nervous system
What is NOT a basic function of the nervous system
- Sensory
- Production of digestive enzymes (correct)
- Motor
- Integration
What are the cells of the nervous system
What are the cells of the nervous system
- Dendrites, Axons
- Macrophages, neutrophils
- Central and Autonomic
- Glial cells, Neurons (correct)
What is the function of glial cells
What is the function of glial cells
- Responsible for transmission of information through the NS
- Provide structural and functional support and protection for the NS (correct)
- Conduct impulses toward the CNS
- Functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue
What is the function of Neurons
What is the function of Neurons
Structure of the Neuron
Structure of the Neuron
What are the two different types of extensions of a neuron
What are the two different types of extensions of a neuron
Dendrites serve to
Dendrites serve to
Primary function of the axon
Primary function of the axon
Which type of nerves conduct impulses towards the CNS?
Which type of nerves conduct impulses towards the CNS?
Which type of nerves conduct impulses away from the CNS?
Which type of nerves conduct impulses away from the CNS?
Which of the following may carry nerve fibers that are sensory, motor, or both
Which of the following may carry nerve fibers that are sensory, motor, or both
The somatic nervous system is:
The somatic nervous system is:
Identify the function: Efferent impulses from brain to skeletal muscle cause body movement.
Identify the function: Efferent impulses from brain to skeletal muscle cause body movement.
Identify the function; sends efferent impulses from brain to smooth and cardiac muscle muscle as well as endocrine glands
Identify the function; sends efferent impulses from brain to smooth and cardiac muscle muscle as well as endocrine glands
Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps the body replace body stores during the fight or flight response?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps the body replace body stores during the fight or flight response?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?
What is the term for the electrical difference in charges across the cell membrane of a neuron?
What is the term for the electrical difference in charges across the cell membrane of a neuron?
What happens in a neuron when a nerve 'fires' and sends an impulse?
What happens in a neuron when a nerve 'fires' and sends an impulse?
Which of the following is responsible for transmission of information through the nervous system?
Which of the following is responsible for transmission of information through the nervous system?
Which of the following ONLY provides excitatory effects
Which of the following ONLY provides excitatory effects
Which of the following antagonizes effects of the SNS
Which of the following antagonizes effects of the SNS
Which of the following can also have inhibitory effects
Which of the following can also have inhibitory effects
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter
Sympathetic nerves emerge from:
Sympathetic nerves emerge from:
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems generally have the same effects on organs and tissues. TRUE OF FALSE
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems generally have the same effects on organs and tissues. TRUE OF FALSE
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of:
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of:
What are the components of the nervous system that extend away from the central axis toward the periphery of the body
What are the components of the nervous system that extend away from the central axis toward the periphery of the body
Identify the function: Afferent sensory impulses from sensory receptors in muscle, skin, eyes, and ears- to the brain
Identify the function: Afferent sensory impulses from sensory receptors in muscle, skin, eyes, and ears- to the brain
Which ion diffuses into the cell during depolarization?
Which ion diffuses into the cell during depolarization?
Which process occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ channels open?
Which process occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ channels open?
What happens when the depolarization wave reaches the threshold?
What happens when the depolarization wave reaches the threshold?
When are neurons refractory to new stimuli?
When are neurons refractory to new stimuli?
What is the term for the accelerated rate of depolarization in myelinated axons?
What is the term for the accelerated rate of depolarization in myelinated axons?
What type of neurotransmitters stimulate neurons?
What type of neurotransmitters stimulate neurons?
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
What is the function of the diencephalon?
What is the function of the diencephalon?
What is the primary function of the brain stem?
What is the primary function of the brain stem?
Which of the following may stimulate, imitate or inhibit either system and produce the signs that mimic either the sympathetic or parasympathetic system
Which of the following may stimulate, imitate or inhibit either system and produce the signs that mimic either the sympathetic or parasympathetic system
Identify the function: Sends efferent impulses from brain to smooth and cardiac muscle as well as endocrine glands
Identify the function: Sends efferent impulses from brain to smooth and cardiac muscle as well as endocrine glands
Major structures associated with the diencephalon
Major structures associated with the diencephalon
Relay station for regulating sensory impulses to the cerebrum
Relay station for regulating sensory impulses to the cerebrum
Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems; plays a role in regulating temperature, hunger, thirst, and rage and anger responses
Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems; plays a role in regulating temperature, hunger, thirst, and rage and anger responses
Regulates hormone regulation throughout the entire body, endocrine "master gland"
Regulates hormone regulation throughout the entire body, endocrine "master gland"
Control accuracy of and fine-tunes movements
Control accuracy of and fine-tunes movements
Controls higher order behaviors like receiving and interpreting sensory information and initiating conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles
Controls higher order behaviors like receiving and interpreting sensory information and initiating conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles
Integrates neuron activity that is associated with communication, expression of emotions, learning, memory and recall and other behaviours related to conscious activity
Integrates neuron activity that is associated with communication, expression of emotions, learning, memory and recall and other behaviours related to conscious activity
Many of the cranial nerves originate from this areas :
Many of the cranial nerves originate from this areas :
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Releases a chemical that stimulates another neuron or target tissue
Releases a chemical that stimulates another neuron or target tissue
The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell
The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell
Space between two cells
Space between two cells
The receptor of the neurotransmitter is called the
The receptor of the neurotransmitter is called the
Influx of calcium happens when
Influx of calcium happens when
Causes vesicles w/ neurotransmitters to fuse w/ cell membrane and release neurotransmitter chemical into the synaptic space
Causes vesicles w/ neurotransmitters to fuse w/ cell membrane and release neurotransmitter chemical into the synaptic space
The neurotransmitter binds w/ specific specialized protein receptors on postsynaptic membrane, triggering ________
The neurotransmitter binds w/ specific specialized protein receptors on postsynaptic membrane, triggering ________
Synapses occur via
Synapses occur via
Myelin sheath prevents sodium ion influx so in myelinated axons depolarization can only occur at
Myelin sheath prevents sodium ion influx so in myelinated axons depolarization can only occur at
During depolarization neurons are refractory to new stimuli and cannot depolarize again until the cycle is completed, what is this called
During depolarization neurons are refractory to new stimuli and cannot depolarize again until the cycle is completed, what is this called
At the end of repolarization, the cell may repolarize again if the stimulus is high enough, which means that the cell is still refractory to stimuli of normal intensity, but may respond to larger stimuli
At the end of repolarization, the cell may repolarize again if the stimulus is high enough, which means that the cell is still refractory to stimuli of normal intensity, but may respond to larger stimuli
Once the depolarization wave has been conducted to the end of the axon, it must be transmitted to the next neuron or to target organ tissue, this occurs via:
Once the depolarization wave has been conducted to the end of the axon, it must be transmitted to the next neuron or to target organ tissue, this occurs via:
Reflexes all have the same basic structure called the _____
Reflexes all have the same basic structure called the _____
Circulates between the meninges and cavities of the brain and spinal cord
Circulates between the meninges and cavities of the brain and spinal cord
Cushions brain from the hard surface of the skull
Cushions brain from the hard surface of the skull
Has some properties that are involved in the regulation of certain autonomic functions
Has some properties that are involved in the regulation of certain autonomic functions
Responsible for providing blood vessels, nutrients and oxygen and cushioning
Responsible for providing blood vessels, nutrients and oxygen and cushioning
The 3 layers of the meninges
The 3 layers of the meninges
Functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue
Functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue
The brain has the capillary fenestrations that normally are found in vessels in other parts of the body, TRUE OR FALSE
The brain has the capillary fenestrations that normally are found in vessels in other parts of the body, TRUE OR FALSE
The brain does not have the capillary fenestrations that normally are found in vessels in other parts of the body, TRUE OR FALSE
The brain does not have the capillary fenestrations that normally are found in vessels in other parts of the body, TRUE OR FALSE
This prevents certain molecules, drugs, and proteins from passing from the blood to the brain and acts as a protectant
This prevents certain molecules, drugs, and proteins from passing from the blood to the brain and acts as a protectant
What are impulses sent out from spinal cord or brain stem by the motor neuron which ends at the target organ
What are impulses sent out from spinal cord or brain stem by the motor neuron which ends at the target organ
Reflexes originate at the sensory receptor, TRUE
Reflexes originate at the sensory receptor, TRUE
Which of the following is used to aid in the diagnoses of spinal cord trauma, peripheral nerve damage or muscle disease
Which of the following is used to aid in the diagnoses of spinal cord trauma, peripheral nerve damage or muscle disease
An animal with severe spinal cord damage (L1-L2) can still
An animal with severe spinal cord damage (L1-L2) can still
Reflex arcs in the lumbar spine (L3-L5) caudal to the trauma the animal can
Reflex arcs in the lumbar spine (L3-L5) caudal to the trauma the animal can
Reflexes are automatic responses designed to protect the body
Reflexes are automatic responses designed to protect the body
Reflex are only autonomic
Reflex are only autonomic
Reflexes are automatic responses not designed to protect the body
Reflexes are automatic responses not designed to protect the body
Reflexes may be autonomic or somatic
Reflexes may be autonomic or somatic
When stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization the _____________________
When stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization the _____________________
When threshold is reached and action potential is conducted along the entire neuron w/ uniform strength, this is called:
When threshold is reached and action potential is conducted along the entire neuron w/ uniform strength, this is called:
All-or-none principle
All-or-none principle
When potassium channels open in the cell membrane ____
When potassium channels open in the cell membrane ____
When a neuron is not being stimulated it is maintained by
When a neuron is not being stimulated it is maintained by
Negatively charged environment within the cell membrane attracts positive charged ions
Negatively charged environment within the cell membrane attracts positive charged ions
How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell, and how many potassium are pumped into the cell
How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell, and how many potassium are pumped into the cell
Flashcards
Synaptic transmission
Synaptic transmission
The process by which a neuron transmits a signal to another neuron or target cell.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers released from presynaptic neurons that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
Depolarization
Depolarization
The process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more positive, which can trigger an action potential.
Repolarization
Repolarization
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Refractory period
Refractory period
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All-or-none principle
All-or-none principle
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Saltatory conduction
Saltatory conduction
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Excitatory neurotransmitters
Excitatory neurotransmitters
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Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Cerebrum
Cerebrum
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon
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Brain stem
Brain stem
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Meninges
Meninges
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Reflexes
Reflexes
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Reflex arc
Reflex arc
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Stretch reflex
Stretch reflex
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Withdrawal reflex
Withdrawal reflex
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Sodium channels
Sodium channels
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Potassium channels
Potassium channels
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Ion movement
Ion movement
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Membrane potential
Membrane potential
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Resting potential
Resting potential
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Threshold
Threshold
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Action potential
Action potential
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Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization
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Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier
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Myelin
Myelin
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Neurotransmitter release
Neurotransmitter release
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Synapses
Synapses
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Study Notes
Overview of the Nervous System and its Functions
- Sodium channels open in the plasma membrane, allowing Na+ ions to passively diffuse into the cell and causing depolarization.
- Repolarization occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ ions to passively diffuse out of the cell.
- Nerve impulses are conducted when the depolarization wave reaches the threshold and the action potential is conducted along the entire neuron.
- During depolarization and early repolarization, neurons are refractory to new stimuli, but may respond to relatively larger stimuli at the end of repolarization.
- Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where depolarization can only occur at the Nodes of Ranvier, accelerating the rate of depolarization.
- Synaptic transmission is the process by which the depolarization wave is transmitted to the next neuron or target tissue via the release of neurotransmitters.
- Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, stimulate neurons, while inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glycine, inhibit neuron activity.
- The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem, each with its own specific functions.
- The cerebrum is responsible for higher order behaviors, sensory interpretation, and initiation of conscious nerve impulses.
- The cerebellum controls coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes.
- The diencephalon acts as a relay station for regulating sensory impulses and plays a role in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and anger responses.
- The brain stem is involved in autonomic control functions and is composed of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
Overview of Nervous System and Reflexes
- Sodium channels open in the plasma membrane, allowing Na+ ions to enter the cell through passive diffusion.
- This influx of positively charged sodium ions causes depolarization of the cell.
- Repolarization occurs shortly after depolarization, with potassium channels opening and K+ ions diffusing out of the cell.
- The all-or-none principle states that once the threshold for depolarization is reached, the action potential is conducted along the entire neuron with uniform strength.
- Neurons have a refractory period during which they are insensitive to new stimuli.
- Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where depolarization can only occur at nodes of Ranvier, accelerating the rate of depolarization.
- Synaptic transmission occurs at the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.
- Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a change in the postsynaptic cell.
- Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, increase neuronal activity, while inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glycine, decrease neuronal activity.
- The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem, each with specific functions.
- The meninges are connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and blood supply.
- Reflexes are automatic responses that protect the body and involve a reflex arc, which includes a sensory receptor, motor neuron, and target organ. Somatic reflex arcs, such as the stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex, can be evaluated by veterinarians for diagnostic purposes.
Overview of Nervous System and Reflexes
- Sodium channels open in the plasma membrane, allowing Na+ ions to enter the cell through passive diffusion.
- This influx of positively charged sodium ions causes depolarization of the cell.
- Repolarization occurs shortly after depolarization, with potassium channels opening and K+ ions diffusing out of the cell.
- The all-or-none principle states that once the threshold for depolarization is reached, the action potential is conducted along the entire neuron with uniform strength.
- Neurons have a refractory period during which they are insensitive to new stimuli.
- Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where depolarization can only occur at nodes of Ranvier, accelerating the rate of depolarization.
- Synaptic transmission occurs at the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.
- Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a change in the postsynaptic cell.
- Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, increase neuronal activity, while inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glycine, decrease neuronal activity.
- The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem, each with specific functions.
- The meninges are connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and blood supply.
- Reflexes are automatic responses that protect the body and involve a reflex arc, which includes a sensory receptor, motor neuron, and target organ. Somatic reflex arcs, such as the stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex, can be evaluated by veterinarians for diagnostic purposes.
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NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
