NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
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Questions and Answers

What is NOT a basic function of the nervous system

  • Sensory
  • Production of digestive enzymes (correct)
  • Motor
  • Integration

    • What are the cells of the nervous system

  • Dendrites, Axons
  • Macrophages, neutrophils
  • Central and Autonomic
  • Glial cells, Neurons (correct)

    • What is the function of glial cells

  • Responsible for transmission of information through the NS
  • Provide structural and functional support and protection for the NS (correct)
  • Conduct impulses toward the CNS
  • Functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue

    • What is the function of Neurons

    <p>Responsible for transmission of information through the NS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structure of the Neuron

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two different types of extensions of a neuron

    <p>Dendrites, Axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites serve to

    <p>Receive impulses from other neurons &amp; convey to soma or serve as sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary function of the axon

    <p>To conduct impulses away from the soma toward another neuron or other type of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerves conduct impulses towards the CNS?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerves conduct impulses away from the CNS?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may carry nerve fibers that are sensory, motor, or both

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic nervous system is:

    <p>Voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the function: Efferent impulses from brain to skeletal muscle cause body movement.

    <p>Somatic motor function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the function; sends efferent impulses from brain to smooth and cardiac muscle muscle as well as endocrine glands

    <p>Autonomic motor function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system helps the body replace body stores during the fight or flight response?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Na+/K+ pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrical difference in charges across the cell membrane of a neuron?

    <p>Resting membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a neuron when a nerve 'fires' and sends an impulse?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for transmission of information through the nervous system?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ONLY provides excitatory effects

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antagonizes effects of the SNS

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can also have inhibitory effects

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neurotransmitter

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic nerves emerge from:

    <p>Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems generally have the same effects on organs and tissues. TRUE OF FALSE

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of:

    <p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the nervous system that extend away from the central axis toward the periphery of the body

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the function: Afferent sensory impulses from sensory receptors in muscle, skin, eyes, and ears- to the brain

    <p>Somatic sensory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion diffuses into the cell during depolarization?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ channels open?

    <p>Repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the depolarization wave reaches the threshold?

    <p>Nerve impulses are conducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are neurons refractory to new stimuli?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accelerated rate of depolarization in myelinated axons?

    <p>Saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurotransmitters stimulate neurons?

    <p>Excitatory neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordinated movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diencephalon?

    <p>Passageway between the brainstem and cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the brain stem?

    <p>Connection between brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may stimulate, imitate or inhibit either system and produce the signs that mimic either the sympathetic or parasympathetic system

    <p>Drugs and/or diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the function: Sends efferent impulses from brain to smooth and cardiac muscle as well as endocrine glands

    <p>Autonomic motor function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Major structures associated with the diencephalon

    <p>Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relay station for regulating sensory impulses to the cerebrum

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems; plays a role in regulating temperature, hunger, thirst, and rage and anger responses

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regulates hormone regulation throughout the entire body, endocrine "master gland"

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Control accuracy of and fine-tunes movements

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Controls higher order behaviors like receiving and interpreting sensory information and initiating conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integrates neuron activity that is associated with communication, expression of emotions, learning, memory and recall and other behaviours related to conscious activity

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many of the cranial nerves originate from this areas :

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excitatory neurotransmitters

    <p>Norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibitory neurotransmitters

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Releases a chemical that stimulates another neuron or target tissue

    <p>Presynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell

    <p>Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Space between two cells

    <p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The receptor of the neurotransmitter is called the

    <p>Postsynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Influx of calcium happens when

    <p>Wave of depolarization reaches the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes vesicles w/ neurotransmitters to fuse w/ cell membrane and release neurotransmitter chemical into the synaptic space

    <p>Influx of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter binds w/ specific specialized protein receptors on postsynaptic membrane, triggering ________

    <p>change in the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synapses occur via

    <p>Synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin sheath prevents sodium ion influx so in myelinated axons depolarization can only occur at

    <p>Nodes or ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During depolarization neurons are refractory to new stimuli and cannot depolarize again until the cycle is completed, what is this called

    <p>Absolute refractory period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of repolarization, the cell may repolarize again if the stimulus is high enough, which means that the cell is still refractory to stimuli of normal intensity, but may respond to larger stimuli

    <p>Relative refractory period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once the depolarization wave has been conducted to the end of the axon, it must be transmitted to the next neuron or to target organ tissue, this occurs via:

    <p>Synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes all have the same basic structure called the _____

    <p>Reflex arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circulates between the meninges and cavities of the brain and spinal cord

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushions brain from the hard surface of the skull

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has some properties that are involved in the regulation of certain autonomic functions

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Responsible for providing blood vessels, nutrients and oxygen and cushioning

    <p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 3 layers of the meninges

    <p>Dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional barrier separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue

    <p>Blood brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain has the capillary fenestrations that normally are found in vessels in other parts of the body, TRUE OR FALSE

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain does not have the capillary fenestrations that normally are found in vessels in other parts of the body, TRUE OR FALSE

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This prevents certain molecules, drugs, and proteins from passing from the blood to the brain and acts as a protectant

    <p>Blood brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are impulses sent out from spinal cord or brain stem by the motor neuron which ends at the target organ

    <p>Reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes originate at the sensory receptor, TRUE

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to aid in the diagnoses of spinal cord trauma, peripheral nerve damage or muscle disease

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An animal with severe spinal cord damage (L1-L2) can still

    <p>Have reflexes in hind limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflex arcs in the lumbar spine (L3-L5) caudal to the trauma the animal can

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes are automatic responses designed to protect the body

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflex are only autonomic

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes are automatic responses not designed to protect the body

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflexes may be autonomic or somatic

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization the _____________________

    <p>Threshold is reached and cell &quot;fires&quot; (depolarizes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When threshold is reached and action potential is conducted along the entire neuron w/ uniform strength, this is called:

    <p>All-or-None principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All-or-none principle

    <p>Neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or it does not repolarize at all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When potassium channels open in the cell membrane ____

    <p>K+ ions passively diffuse out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a neuron is not being stimulated it is maintained by

    <p>Na+/K+ pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negatively charged environment within the cell membrane attracts positive charged ions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell, and how many potassium are pumped into the cell

    <p>3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of the Nervous System and its Functions

    • Sodium channels open in the plasma membrane, allowing Na+ ions to passively diffuse into the cell and causing depolarization.
    • Repolarization occurs when Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ ions to passively diffuse out of the cell.
    • Nerve impulses are conducted when the depolarization wave reaches the threshold and the action potential is conducted along the entire neuron.
    • During depolarization and early repolarization, neurons are refractory to new stimuli, but may respond to relatively larger stimuli at the end of repolarization.
    • Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where depolarization can only occur at the Nodes of Ranvier, accelerating the rate of depolarization.
    • Synaptic transmission is the process by which the depolarization wave is transmitted to the next neuron or target tissue via the release of neurotransmitters.
    • Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, stimulate neurons, while inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glycine, inhibit neuron activity.
    • The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem, each with its own specific functions.
    • The cerebrum is responsible for higher order behaviors, sensory interpretation, and initiation of conscious nerve impulses.
    • The cerebellum controls coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes.
    • The diencephalon acts as a relay station for regulating sensory impulses and plays a role in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and anger responses.
    • The brain stem is involved in autonomic control functions and is composed of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.

    Overview of Nervous System and Reflexes

    • Sodium channels open in the plasma membrane, allowing Na+ ions to enter the cell through passive diffusion.
    • This influx of positively charged sodium ions causes depolarization of the cell.
    • Repolarization occurs shortly after depolarization, with potassium channels opening and K+ ions diffusing out of the cell.
    • The all-or-none principle states that once the threshold for depolarization is reached, the action potential is conducted along the entire neuron with uniform strength.
    • Neurons have a refractory period during which they are insensitive to new stimuli.
    • Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where depolarization can only occur at nodes of Ranvier, accelerating the rate of depolarization.
    • Synaptic transmission occurs at the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.
    • Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a change in the postsynaptic cell.
    • Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, increase neuronal activity, while inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glycine, decrease neuronal activity.
    • The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem, each with specific functions.
    • The meninges are connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and blood supply.
    • Reflexes are automatic responses that protect the body and involve a reflex arc, which includes a sensory receptor, motor neuron, and target organ. Somatic reflex arcs, such as the stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex, can be evaluated by veterinarians for diagnostic purposes.

    Overview of Nervous System and Reflexes

    • Sodium channels open in the plasma membrane, allowing Na+ ions to enter the cell through passive diffusion.
    • This influx of positively charged sodium ions causes depolarization of the cell.
    • Repolarization occurs shortly after depolarization, with potassium channels opening and K+ ions diffusing out of the cell.
    • The all-or-none principle states that once the threshold for depolarization is reached, the action potential is conducted along the entire neuron with uniform strength.
    • Neurons have a refractory period during which they are insensitive to new stimuli.
    • Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where depolarization can only occur at nodes of Ranvier, accelerating the rate of depolarization.
    • Synaptic transmission occurs at the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.
    • Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a change in the postsynaptic cell.
    • Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and dopamine, increase neuronal activity, while inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glycine, decrease neuronal activity.
    • The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem, each with specific functions.
    • The meninges are connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and blood supply.
    • Reflexes are automatic responses that protect the body and involve a reflex arc, which includes a sensory receptor, motor neuron, and target organ. Somatic reflex arcs, such as the stretch reflex and withdrawal reflex, can be evaluated by veterinarians for diagnostic purposes.

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