Questions and Answers
Which neurotransmitter opens chloride ion channels?
GABA
What type of receptors are G protein-coupled with seven membrane-spanning domains?
Metabotropic receptors
What triggers metabolic processes, genetic transcription, and new protein creation in neurons?
G protein activation
Which type of G protein can be inhibitory?
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What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
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What do psychoactive drugs change in neuron communication?
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What can increase or decrease in strength based on experience?
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What is temporal summation in neuron communication?
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What is spatial summation in neuron communication?
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What is the main effect of IPSPs in neuron communication?
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What is the main effect of EPSPs in neuron communication?
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What is the main way neurons communicate through?
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What triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse?
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What is responsible for the process of exocytosis in neurotransmitter release?
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What is the main function of gap junctions in neuron communication?
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Where do synapses occur in neuron communication?
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What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?
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What causes multiple sclerosis?
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What is the function of myelin sheath?
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What is the role of grey matter in the brain?
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How do neurons communicate with each other at chemical synapses?
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What are the two types of receptors involved in neurotransmission?
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What triggers an action potential in neurons?
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What is the resting membrane potential of neurons?
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What is the function of myelin sheaths in neural conduction?
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What is the duration of the absolute refractory period?
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What is the main function of gap junctions in neural communication?
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What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?
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What is the composition of white matter in the nervous system?
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What is the main focus of neurochemistry/neuropharmacology studies?
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Study Notes
Neurophysiology, Neurochemistry, and Neural Integration
- Resting membrane potential is -70 millivolts and is maintained by the flow of potassium ions through open channels
- Neurons communicate through postsynaptic potentials, which can be either excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)
- Action potentials begin at the axon hillock when the threshold potential is reached, causing a switch in membrane potential polarity
- Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport ions, requiring ATP, and contribute to the restoration of the resting membrane potential
- The refractory period ensures that action potentials only proceed in one direction and lasts about 1 millisecond (absolute) and 2-4 milliseconds (relative)
- Myelin sheaths, made up of oligodendrocytes, facilitate saltatory conduction by insulating and protecting neurons and allowing for faster propagation of action potentials
- White matter consists of myelinated neurons, while grey matter consists of non-myelinated neurons with many connections
- Neural integration involves the combination of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to determine whether an action potential will occur
- Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology studies how neurons communicate and bring changes in charge through chemical signals and receptors
- Neural activity can be visualized through brain scans, PET imaging, and calcium imaging, but changing the activity is necessary for visualization
- Gap junctions and chemical synapses are essential in the synapse for transmitting signals between neurons
- The study of neural activity is challenging due to its location inside the head and the complexity of the processes involved
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