Neuroscience Quiz on TMS and Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) primarily investigate?

  • Neurotransmitter levels in various brain regions
  • Causal involvement of brain regions in cognitive functions (correct)
  • The anatomical structure of the brain
  • Differences in brain activity between genders

    • Which brain region was targeted in the Kosslyn et al. TMS study during a perception/imagery task?

  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe (correct)
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe

    • What is the primary characteristic of a drug that differentiates it from endogenous compounds?

  • It does not alter physiological processes
  • It is not necessary for normal cellular functioning (correct)
  • It always has a positive effect on behavior
  • It is produced naturally in the body

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes drug effects?

    <p>They are changes in physiological processes and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly outlines a step in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of drug administration allows substances to reach the brain within a few seconds?

    <p>Intravenous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'site of action' refer to in pharmacology?

    <p>The location where drugs exert their effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique provides a good time course of cognitive processes affected by certain factors?

    <p>Event-related potentials (ERP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives Na+ ions to move into the neuron?

    <p>Lower concentration inside the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

    <p>It maintains the charge balance by expelling sodium and taking in potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During depolarization, what primarily occurs in the neuron?

    <p>Na+ ions rush into the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'electrostatic pressure' refer to in neuron function?

    <p>The attraction between positive and negative charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intracellular fluid in a neuron?

    <p>To maintain a high concentration of potassium and organic anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are primarily found in the extracellular fluid outside of a neuron?

    <p>Sodium and chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of diffusion in the context of ion movements in neurons?

    <p>It helps ions spread evenly across different areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do EPSPs have on a neuron's membrane potential?

    <p>They enhance the likelihood of firing an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IPSPs in neuronal behavior?

    <p>They inhibit the firing of action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When both EPSPs and IPSPs are active, what determines whether a neuron will fire an action potential?

    <p>The strength of the stronger input between EPSPs and IPSPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can inhibitory neurons paradoxically lead to increased neuronal excitation?

    <p>By being turned off, which prevents their inhibiting effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if excitatory synapses dominate in a neuron?

    <p>Depolarization will occur, leading to an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two mechanisms terminate postsynaptic potentials quickly?

    <p>Reuptake and diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neural integration, what role do EPSPs and IPSPs play?

    <p>EPSPs and IPSPs compete to influence neuronal firing behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when EPSPs and IPSPs cancel each other out?

    <p>The neuron does not fire an action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They act as a trigger to start the release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the ready-release pool and reserve pool of vesicles differ?

    <p>The ready-release pool is available for immediate use, whereas the reserve pool serves as a backup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when vesicles merge fully with the membrane and new vesicles pinch off?

    <p>Merge-and-recycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ionotropic receptors from metabotropic receptors?

    <p>Ionotropic receptors have built-in ion channels with their own binding sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Botox have on muscle contraction?

    <p>Blocks ACh release, causing paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when neurotransmitters bind to ionotropic receptors?

    <p>They directly open ion channels to change the membrane potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the recycling pool of vesicles?

    <p>It accounts for about 10-15% of synaptic vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nicotinic receptors differ from muscarinic receptors?

    <p>Nicotinic receptors mediate faster muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of neostigmine in myasthenia gravis?

    <p>It increases ACh levels at receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of depolarization in the presynaptic membrane?

    <p>Opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter systems are classified as monoamines?

    <p>Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of peptide neurotransmitters compared to classical neurotransmitters?

    <p>Peptide neurotransmitters are larger polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endocannabinoids in the lipid neurotransmitter system?

    <p>They bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the speed of activation in muscarinic receptors?

    <p>They produce slower, longer-lasting effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors inhibit the production of cyclic AMP?

    <p>D2, D3, and D4 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the action of myosin during muscle contraction?

    <p>It pulls the filaments, causing muscle shortening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do motor units play in muscle activity?

    <p>They allow a group of muscle fibers to respond to a single neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to increased muscle force during a twitch?

    <p>Rapid successive action potentials before calcium is restored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during tetanus in muscle contraction?

    <p>All twitches blend together into a maximal contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of isometric contraction?

    <p>It generates resistance without changing muscle length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do muscles always pull rather than push?

    <p>Muscle fibers can only contract, not extend.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the relaxation phase of muscle contraction, what happens to calcium?

    <p>It is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prolonged muscle activity regarding ATP?

    <p>It leads to fatigue due to limited ATP supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reading Notes - Carlson & Birkett Chapter 2

    • Central Nervous System (CNS):
      • Composed of the brain and spinal cord
      • Communicates with body through nerves
      • Transmits messages from sensory organs to brain, and from brain to muscles/glands.
      • Contains various interneurons for analysis of information
        • Local interneurons: form circuits with nearby neurons for analysing small pieces of information
        • Relay interneurons: connect local circuits in one brain region to those in others.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
      • Composed of nerves and most sensory organs
      • Carries sensory information from environment (light, sounds, odors, tastes)
      • Controls motor behavior needed for muscle contractions

    Neuron Structure

    • Basic unit of the nervous system, responsible for information processing and transmission
      • Soma (cell body): contains nucleus and machinery for cell processes
      • Dendrites: receive messages from other neurons
      • Axon: long, thin tube transmitting information from cell body to terminal buttons.
        • Kinesin: protein for anterograde transport (from soma to terminal buttons)
        • Dynein: protein for retrograde transport (from terminal buttons to soma)
      • Terminal buttons: release neurotransmitters to other neurons
    • Myelin Sheath: insulation for efficient signal transmission
    • Terminal Buttons: release neurotransmitters into synapse

    Supporting Cells in Nervous System

    • Glial Cells (CNS): crucial supporting cells in the CNS
      • Provide structure/support to neurons
      • Regulate nutrient supply to neurons
      • Remove pathogens and dead neurons
      • Involved in growth, repair and development
      • Astrocytes: physical support and maintain proper chemical environment
      • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) v Schwann cells (PNS): forms myelin sheath
    • Microglia: smallest glial cells, act as phagocytes - protecting brain against invaders
    • PNS: Schwann cells, support and produce myelin, important for nerve repair

    Neural Communication (Reflex)

    • Neural Communication: Sensory neuron detects painful stimulus -> signals travels down axons to spinal cord -> terminal buttons release excitatory NTs -> interneuron -> motor neuron signals to muscles -> contraction
    • Inhibition: Signals from brain influence inhibitory interneurons -> reduces motor neuron activity in cases like object handling

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    Reading Notes - Carlson & Birkett Chapter 2 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and key pharmacological concepts with this engaging quiz. Questions cover brain function, drug characteristics, pharmacokinetics, and neural processes. Perfect for neuroscience students and enthusiasts alike!

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