Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Methods Quiz
44 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of using fast changing magnetic fields in non-invasive brain stimulation methods?

  • To generate phosphenes and enhance visual perception
  • To stimulate neurons and modulate brain activity (correct)
  • To implant electrodes for direct neural interfacing
  • To disrupt neural connections for therapeutic purposes

Which of the following individuals is associated with the first successful generation of magnetically induced phosphenes?

  • Thompson
  • Magnussen & Stevenson
  • Barker et al.
  • d’Arsonval (correct)

What are the two modes of Cortical Effect in TMS as per the content?

  • Activation mode and Disruptive mode
  • Facilitative mode and Inhibitory mode
  • Potentiation mode and Suppressive mode
  • Disruptive mode and another unspecified mode (correct)

What year marked the beginning of the current era of TMS machines according to the historical timeline?

<p>1985 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Invasive brain stimulation methods typically involve what procedure?

<p>Direct electric stimulation of neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rTMS stand for in the context of the data presented?

<p>Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is indicated for number processing in the provided data?

<p>Left SMG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the graph, what was the peak performance (RT) observed in the left control group?

<p>900 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the dataset, which value corresponds to the right rTMS condition for number processing?

<p>700 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the data thread in the document?

<p>Number processing and the effects of TMS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impairment results from artificial lesions in the ventral stream of the primate visual system?

<p>Inability to recognize shapes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a double dissociation between dorsal and ventral streams?

<p>One stream can function normally while the other is impaired (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of using lesion studies in neuropsychology?

<p>They may involve confounding impairments that are hard to isolate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strength of lesion studies when performed invasively?

<p>High spatial precision in mapping brain functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of applying brain stimulation to neurons?

<p>It drives neurons to communicate by changing membrane potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of task would an animal with dorsal stream impairment struggle to perform?

<p>Localizing a probe relative to two targets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about subtraction and multiplication brain activity is true?

<p>Subtraction activates areas more than multiplication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does double dissociation help to illustrate in terms of cognitive functions?

<p>The independence of different cognitive processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does TMS stand for in the context of number processing?

<p>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the number processing tasks shown, which region was targeted for rTMS?

<p>SMG (B), ANG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was measured in response to the TMS application in the tasks?

<p>Reaction Time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the control condition in the number processing tasks?

<p>It involves no stimulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the decreasing reaction times across the number processing tasks?

<p>Improved processing speed over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of task was likely performed using the ANG and SMG regions?

<p>Number processing tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best describes the role of rTMS in these experiments?

<p>To disrupt normal cognitive functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the experiments, how many trials were conducted as indicated in the X-axis?

<p>10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT mentioned regarding the localization of TMS sites?

<p>Neurosurgical intervention approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the column comparison in the charts suggest about the measured regions?

<p>SMG and ANG respond similarly to rTMS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind fMRI-guided TMS Neuronavigation?

<p>Individual stimulation sites are determined from personal activation peaks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of TMS Neuronavigation uses individual MRI data for determining stimulation sites?

<p>MRI-guided Neuronavigation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of TMS Neuronavigation based on group coordinates?

<p>It is based on the peak activation found in a fMRI experiment with a group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of TMS Neuronavigation, what does the 10-20 EEG System refer to?

<p>A set of anatomical landmarks for EEG electrode placement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the functional TMS localiser identify stimulation sites for participants?

<p>By assessing the site that disrupts tasks for a specified duration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the comparison conducted by Sack et al. (2008)?

<p>Comparing different methods of TMS site localization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a TMS experiment?

<p>Making the blindsighted see. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combining TMS and fMRI in research?

<p>To investigate brain activity in response to TMS while visualizing it in real time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of blindsight observed in individuals with damage to the primary visual cortex?

<p>Ability to detect and localize stimuli in the blind field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does the TMS stimulation serve in the study involving Patient GY?

<p>To induce visual experiences in the blind field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by increased brain activity in the intact hemisphere after a unilateral stroke?

<p>Reorganization of brain function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of visual qualia during bilateral TMS stimulation in Patient GY suggest about the role of V1?

<p>V1 is necessary for awareness but not for detection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might the alterations in brain activations after a stroke reflect aside from structural damage?

<p>Functional reorganization within the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After applying 1 Hz TMS over the left PMd, what change is observed in the right PMd?

<p>Increase in BOLD response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is expected after TMS over the left SM based on the data presented?

<p>No increase in BOLD response in the right PMd (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant conclusion about the functionality of the dorsal premotor cortex after a stroke?

<p>It may compensate through increased activity in the intact hemisphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in specific brain regions.

TMS: What is it?

The use of magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in the brain, typically for research and therapeutic purposes.

TMS: Two Modes

TMS can be used to either disrupt or enhance neural activity depending on the stimulation parameters.

Disruptive Mode of TMS

TMS can temporarily deactivate a specific brain area by inducing neural noise.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enhancement Mode of TMS

TMS can enhance neural activity by promoting synchronized firing of neurons in a specific region.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lesion Studies

A method used to study brain function by observing the effects of damage to specific brain regions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain Stimulation

A technique that uses electrical stimulation to temporarily activate or inhibit specific brain regions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dissociation

A type of brain damage that affects a specific cognitive function, providing evidence for modularity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Double Dissociation

A specific type of dissociation where two functions are independently affected by damage to different brain regions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modularity

The idea that the mind is composed of distinct modules or components that are specialized for different functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience

A scientific approach that aims to understand the relationship between brain activity and cognitive processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subtraction Areas

Brain regions that are more active during subtraction than multiplication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiplication Areas

Brain regions that are more active during multiplication than subtraction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is TMS?

A non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific brain regions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the SMG?

A brain region involved in number processing, located in the parietal lobe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the disruptive mode of TMS?

TMS can disrupt neural activity in a specific brain area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the enhancement mode of TMS?

TMS can enhance neural activity in a specific brain region by promoting synchronized firing of neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does rTMS affect number processing on the left side?

TMS applied to the left SMG slows down reaction times for number processing tasks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

fMRI-guided TMS Neuronavigation

TMS stimulation site is determined individually based on the peak activation of a specific fMRI contrast.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MRI-guided Neuronavigation

TMS stimulation is based on individual MRI data, targeting a specific brain region like the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS).

Signup and view all the flashcards

TMS Neuronavigation based on group coordinates

TMS stimulation site is based on the average peak activation from an fMRI experiment across multiple participants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TMS based on the 10-20 EEG System (anatomical landmark approach)

TMS stimulation uses the international 10-20 system for EEG electrode placement. A specific electrode location like P4 (parietal) is targeted.

Signup and view all the flashcards

functional TMS localiser

TMS stimulation site is determined for each participant based on the location where TMS causes the greatest disruption in a task.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sack et al. (2008) TMS Targeting Study

A study comparing fMRI-guided TMS, MRI-guided TMS, group coordinates, and the 10-20 EEG system for targeting TMS.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Making the blindsighted see (Silvanto et al.)

A fascinating application of TMS where blind individuals experience visual sensations (phosphenes) by stimulating the occipital cortex.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Combining TMS & fMRI

TMS is combined with fMRI to study the impact of TMS stimulation on brain activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TMS Study

A study using TMS to investigate how a particular brain region contributes to a cognitive task. The task is performed before and after TMS is applied to that specific area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TMS and Cognitive Function

A way to find out which brain areas are important for specific cognitive functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Number Processing Task

A common task used in fMRI and TMS research. Participants perform calculations and their brain activity is measured.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left Angular Gyrus (ANG)

A brain region involved in number processing and other cognitive functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Superior Parietal Lobule (SPL)

A brain region important for spatial and numerical processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lesion Study

A study designed to investigate which brain regions are involved in specific functions by comparing activity during different tasks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Control Task

A task used in neuroimaging research to compare brain activity during different cognitive processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reaction Time (RT)

The amount of time it takes to complete a task.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subtraction Areas & Multiplication Areas

Brain regions involved in specific cognitive functions, suggesting that the brain is organized into specialized modules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blindsight

A condition where individuals with damage to their primary visual cortex (V1) can still detect and localize stimuli in their blind field, despite being unable to consciously perceive them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dorsal Premotor Cortex (PMd)

A brain region often associated with planning and motor control, particularly for movements of the arms and hands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Response

A measure of brain activity based on the blood flow changes in different brain regions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain Reorganization

A process where the brain adapts and reorganizes itself in response to changes, such as damage or experience.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interhemispheric Interaction

The phenomenon where stimulating one hemisphere of the brain with TMS can lead to increased activity in the corresponding region of the other hemisphere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Lesion Studies & TMS

  • Lesion studies aim to understand the relationship between specific brain regions and cognitive functions. If a specific brain region is damaged, and a specific cognitive function is affected, then a causal link is implied between that region and function.

  • Invasive methods involve directly damaging or altering brain regions. This might include surgically removing brain tissue or cooling a region. This is ethically problematic in human subjects.

  • Non-invasive methods involve studying patients with incidental lesions or using brain stimulation to temporarily impair neural processing.

Lesion Study: Basics

  • Lesion studies: When a specific brain area is damaged intentionally or incidentally, cognitive functions affected are causally linked to processes in that region.

Types of Dissociation: Overview

  • Single dissociation: Damage to a specific brain region leads to an impairment in one particular task but not other tasks. However, the different sensitivities of those tasks may explain the findings. This phenomenon can be caused by the presence of unspecified impairments that affects performance in various tasks, with high sensitivities. This phenomenon can be challenging to interpret.

  • Double dissociation: Damage to one region produces impairment in one task, while damage to a different region produces impairment in a separate task. This strongly suggests specific functions are localized to specific areas.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Overview

  • TMS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses magnetic pulses to temporarily stimulate neurons.

TMS Objectives

  • Overview: provide a general understanding of the basic principles underlying lesion and brain stimulation studies.
  • Experimental Design: focus on essential design elements involved in TMS and lesion studies.
  • Strengths/Weaknesses: examine the critical advantages and disadvantages inherent to TMS and lesion studies, focusing on their inherent challenges.

TMS History & Principles

  • History: Information about the development of TMS technology and related research findings.
  • Designing TMS Studies: Guidance on creating effective TMS research designs.

TMS: Methods

  • Invasive methods: Stimulation of neurons in brain regions. Rare in humans. Usually used in cases of epilepsy treatment with implanted electrodes.
  • Non-invasive methods: Using rapid magnetic field changes to stimulate neurons. Includes transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS).

TMS: Spatial Resolution (Summary)

  • Combined TMS & PET: Study showing correlation between blood flow (CBF) and the number of TMS stimulation trains at sites of stimulation and also distant regions in the brain.

TMS: Temporal Resolution (Summary)

  • Time-sensitive TMS effect: TMS timing in experiments can be precise. effects of a single TMS pulse may last longer than 70ms.
  • Behavior studies: behavioural studies require delays of at least 10ms or more.

TMS: Problem Space (Summary)

  • Factors that affects TMS studies: Temporal precision, spatial precision, and ethical/practical considerations.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Lecture 2 TMS & Lesions PoCN 2024 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as TMS and rTMS. This quiz covers key historical milestones, brain regions involved in number processing, and the effects of different stimulation methods. Explore critical concepts and data related to brain function and stimulation protocols.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser