Neuroscience Quiz on Nervous System Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?

  • The concentration gradient of ions across the membrane
  • The passive diffusion of ions across the membrane
  • The active transport of ions by the Na+/K+ pump (correct)
  • The electrostatic forces between charged ions

    • During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following events occurs?

  • Potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell. (correct)
  • Sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell.
  • Calcium channels open, allowing calcium ions to flow into the cell.
  • Potassium channels close, preventing potassium ions from flowing out of the cell.

    • Which of the following neurotransmitters is not classified as an amine?

  • Glutamate (correct)
  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine

    • What is the main function of calcium ions (Ca2+) at the synapse?

    <p>To trigger the release of neurotransmitters via exocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would increase the conduction velocity of an action potential?

    <p>Increasing the number of myelinated segments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of cerebrospinal fluid in temperature regulation?

    <p>CSF acts as an insulator, preventing rapid changes in brain and spinal cord temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the crossed pathways of nerve impulses in terms of brain function?

    <p>It ensures that each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>To provide cushioning and protection for the brain and spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a precaution to take when administering epidural anesthesia?

    <p>Administer the anesthetic slowly to allow for adequate time for the drug to take effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the right hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>Controls the left side of the body and is responsible for creativity and spatial reasoning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key function of the sensory function of the nervous system?

    <p>Monitoring changes inside and outside the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the integrative function of the nervous system?

    <p>Processing and interpreting sensory information to decide on actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the interneuron in a receptor-to-effector pathway?

    <p>It receives impulses from the sensory neuron and relays them to the motor neuron. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Cranial Nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic nervous system is responsible for:

    <p>Coordinating voluntary movements and behavioral actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The sympathetic division activates 'fight or flight' responses, while the parasympathetic division promotes 'rest and digest' functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between white matter and gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>White matter is located on the outer surface of the spinal cord, while gray matter is located in the center. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cranial nerves can be classified as sensory, motor, or mixed. Which of the following correctly identifies the type of nerve associated with the sense of smell?

    <p>Sensory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>It carries signals from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>The sympathetic division prepares the body for &quot;fight or flight&quot; responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neuroglial cells?

    <p>To provide support and maintenance to nerve cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

    <p>Sensory neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the myelin sheath?

    <p>To increase the speed of signal conduction along an axon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of multipolar neurons?

    <p>They have a single axon and multiple dendrites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>To receive information from other neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

    <p>It is a crucial factor in the generation of action potentials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for connecting motor and sensory neurons within the central nervous system?

    <p>Interneuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the central nervous system?

    <p>Cranial Nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve transmits signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?

    <p>Motor (Efferent) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a nerve plexus?

    <p>To connect different spinal nerves, allowing for complex communication pathways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of somatic motor circuits?

    <p>They are responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system is divided into which two branches?

    <p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

    <p>It directly controls skeletal muscles for voluntary movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical nerves are there in the human body?

    <p>8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a reflex arc?

    <p>It allows for rapid and involuntary responses to stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Intracranial Pressure Regulation

    Maintains constant pressure around the brain to prevent damage.

    Waste Removal in CNS

    Cleans up toxins in the brain through circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

    Temperature Regulation

    Stabilizes temperatures of the brain and spine to maintain function.

    Immune Function of CSF

    Contains immune cells to monitor and fight off pathogens in the CNS.

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    Brain Hemisphere Control

    Left hemisphere controls the right body, right hemisphere controls the left body; shows lateralization of functions.

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    Left Brain Functions

    Responsible for reading, analytical thought, and logical reasoning.

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    Nervous System Functions

    Controls and coordinates body functions, integrates response to stimuli.

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    Motor Function

    Sends information to muscles and glands for responses based on integration.

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    Na+/K+ pump

    Maintains ion concentrations across cell membranes; higher K+ inside, higher Na+ outside.

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    Action Potential

    A rapid change in membrane potential that triggers neurotransmitter release.

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    Depolarization

    Phase where Na+ channels open, causing sodium to flow in and reduce negativity inside the cell.

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    Neurotransmitter Release

    Triggering Ca2+ influx leads to neurotransmitter release via exocytosis at synapses.

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    Conduction Velocity

    Rate at which action potentials propagate; faster in myelinated fibers with larger diameters.

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    Reflex Arc

    A pathway that mediates a reflex action involving a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector.

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    Receptor

    Detects stimuli and generates signals that initiate the reflex arc.

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    Sensory Neuron

    Transmits signals from receptors to the integration center in the CNS.

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    Motor Neuron

    Carries signals from the integration center to the effector to produce a response.

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    Effector

    Muscle or gland that performs the action in response to the motor neuron signal.

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    Somatic Reflexes

    Reflexes that involve voluntary control of skeletal muscles.

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    Autonomic Reflexes

    Reflexes that regulate involuntary bodily functions, including smooth muscles and glands.

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    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Comprises all nerves outside the CNS, including spinal and cranial nerves.

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    Simplified Neural Circuit

    Pathway from sensor to muscle involves skin receptor, neurons, and muscle.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    Composed of the brain and spinal cord, controlling body functions.

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    Afferent Division

    Conducts sensory impulses towards the CNS from receptors.

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    Efferent Division

    Conveys motor impulses away from the CNS to effectors.

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    Somatic System

    Controls voluntary movements and sensory functions related to the outside world.

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    Autonomic Nervous System

    Regulates involuntary body functions; has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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    Cranial Nerves

    Nerves that provide sensory, motor, or mixed functions in the head and neck.

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    Parasympathetic Nervous System (PsNS)

    Responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, slowing heartbeat, and stimulating salivation and digestion.

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    Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

    Centers on the 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for stress and danger.

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    Preganglionic Neurons (SNS)

    Originates in the thoracolumbar region, crucial for SNS function.

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    Postganglionic Neurons (SNS)

    Cell bodies located in ganglia, allowing broader impact of SNS responses.

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    Craniosacral System (PsNS)

    Another name for the parasympathetic system, indicating origins from the brainstem and sacral area.

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    Vagus Nerve

    Key component of the PsNS that innervates organs in the thoracic cavity.

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    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions.

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    Sympathetic Division

    Mobilizes the body's systems for 'fight or flight' situations.

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    Parasympathetic Division

    Conserves energy and manages 'rest and digest' activities.

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    Neurons

    Major functional units of the nervous system; specialized in information processing.

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    Neuroglial Cells (Glia)

    Support cells that maintain and nourish neurons in the nervous system.

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    Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

    Convey sensory information from receptors to the CNS.

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    Dendrites

    Branch-like structures on neurons that receive information from other neurons.

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    Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

    Electrical potential difference across the membrane when a neuron is not excited; typically -70mV.

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    Study Notes

    Canine Brain Anatomy

    • Meninges are protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
    • Canine brains have specific regions related to behaviour, including chew toy discrimination, "play," responses to abandonment, and hyperactivity.

    Learning Objectives

    • Key anatomical structures of the CNS, including spinal cord endings, CNS membranes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) processes, and access points to epidural and subarachnoid spaces.

    Central Nervous System Overview

    • Components include the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system (PNS), further divided into sensory and motor systems.
    • Protected by the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

    Spinal Cord and Cauda Equina

    • Spinal cord ends at the lumbosacral junction.
    • Cauda equina consists of spinal nerves extending past L7.
    • Nerve root compression can cause pain, reduced tail wagging, defecation difficulty, and hind limb weakness.

    Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES)

    • Causes include lumbosacral junction compression (e.g., disc degeneration, arthritis).
    • Symptoms include lower back pain, behavioral changes (like low tail carriage), and urinary/fecal incontinence in severe cases.
    • Diagnosis involves neurologic exam, spinal palpation, and radiographs.
    • Treatment typically involves conservative measures (rest and pain meds) or surgery (dorsal laminectomy) for severe cases.

    Meninges and Spinal Membranes

    • Dura mater is the outermost, thickest layer fused to the cranial cavity periosteum.
    • Arachnoid mater is attached to the dura, containing blood vessels.
    • Pia mater is the innermost layer, following brain gyri and sulci, involved in CSF production.
    • Brain membranes are completed by the periosteum that lines the vertebral canal and skull.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Functions

    • Shock absorption, protecting the brain during movement.
    • Maintains consistent intracranial pressure.
    • Provides nutrition (glucose, proteins).
    • Removes waste through circulation.
    • Regulates brain and spinal temperature.
    • Contains immune cells for pathogen monitoring.

    Brain Hemisphere Control

    • Right brain controls left body, and vice versa.
    • Nerve impulse pathways cross, illustrating brain function lateralization.

    Role of the Nervous System

    • Controls and coordinates body functions (thinking, feeling, movement).
    • Essential for survival and environmental stimulus response.

    Environmental Interaction

    • Detection, integration, and response to environment are crucial nervous system functions.
    • Considered the most intricate body system.

    Nervous System Functions

    • Sensory function involves sensory receptors monitoring changes (internal/external).
    • Integrative function processes and interprets sensory input, determining actions.
    • Motor function transmits information to effectors (muscles, glands, organs).

    Simplified Neural Circuit

    • Receptor–effector pathway comprises skin receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and striated muscle effector.

    Nervous System Subdivisions

    • Central nervous system (CNS) includes brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises cranial and spinal nerves, further divided into afferent and efferent divisions.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Functional Divisions

    • Afferent division: Conducts impulses toward the CNS from sensory receptors.
    • Efferent division: Carries impulses away from CNS to effectors.

    Somatic vs. Visceral Systems

    • Somatic system involves sensory and motor functions related to external environment.
    • Visceral system includes sensory and motor functions related to internal organs; part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • The ANS controls involuntary functions like blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion.
    • Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

    Somatic System

    • Involves voluntary movements and sensory functions related to external stimuli.

    Visceral System

    • Involves sensory and motor functions regarding internal organs.
    • Part of the ANS.

    Autonomic Nervous System Parts

    • Sympathetic: Mobilizes body systems during stress or activity ("fight or flight").
    • Parasympathetic: Controls and conserves energy during rest.

    Nervous System Summary

    • CNS is the control center (brain and spinal cord).
    • PNS are communication lines (cranial and spinal nerves).
    • Key functions include sensory and motor transmissions (afferent and efferent).

    Neuron Anatomy and Functions

    • The basic building blocks of the nervous system.
    • Dendrites receive input, cell body processes, axon transmits signals.

    Spinal Cord Anatomy

    • White matter contains myelinated axons.
    • Gray matter comprises neuron cell bodies.
    • Dorsal and ventral roots connect sensory and motor pathways.

    Cranial Nerves

    • Cranial nerves are nerves in the head. (I-XII).

    Peripheral Nervous System Overview

    • The PNS consists of nerves, ganglia, and plexi outside the CNS.
    • Peripheral nerves consist of 33 spinal nerves (8 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 5 caudal).

    Rami and Their Functions

    • Spinal nerve branches (dorsal, ventral, and communicans) carry sensory and motor signals.
    • Dorsal rami serve structures deep to the vertebrae.
    • Ventral rami supply other body regions.

    Nerve Plexi

    • A network formed from branched nerves; ensuring comprehensive body innervation.

    Revisiting CNS and PNS

    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The PNS contains nerves outside CNS (cranial and spinal).

    Motor Subdivision of PNS

    • Somatic: Voluntary muscle innervation via single neurons.
    • Visceral: Involuntary tissue innervation via two neurons.

    Synapses

    • Synapses are points where neurons connect and transmit signals.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Responsible for involuntary processes (e.g., digestion, respiration).
    • Two-neuron system for target organ activation.
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions for often opposing effects.

    Autonomic Nervous System - Two Neuron System

    • Preganglionic neuron originates in CNS, connecting to a ganglion neuron.
    • Postganglionic neuron in ganglion, innervates target organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands).

    Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

    • Sympathetic ("fight or flight"): Pupils dilate, inhibit salivation, increased heart rate, and airway dilation.
    • Parasympathetic ("rest and digest"): Pupils constrict, stimulate salivation, reduced heart rate, and increased digestive processes.

    Recap of Autonomic Systems

    • Summarizes the roles of nervous system divisions.
    • Highlights the crucial relationship between PsNS and SNS in maintaining homeostasis.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Centers around the "fight-or-flight" response, triggering various processes for dealing with stress.
    • Neuroanatomy involves preganglionic neurons originating in thoracolumbar regions, with postganglionic neurons residing in cervical, thoracic, or abdominal ganglia.

    Reflex Arc

    • Consists of receptors, sensory neurons, integration centre, motor neurons, and effectors.
    • Somatic reflex involves skeletal muscles; autonomic reflex involves smooth muscles and glands.

    Types of Cells in the Nervous System

    • Neurons (excitable cells handling information processing).
    • Neuroglia (supporting cells, for nerve cell maintenance and nourishment etc.).

    Neuron Classifications

    • Sensory (afferent) neurons carry sensory information to the CNS.
    • Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.
    • Motor (efferent) neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands).

    Structural Classifications

    • Unipolar neurons: single axon with peripheral and central branches.
    • Bipolar neurons: Two processes (axon and dendrite).
    • Multipolar neurons: Single axon and multiple dendrites (most common).

    Neuron Anatomy

    • Dendrites receive signals.
    • Cell body integrates signals.
    • Axon transmits signals.

    Myelin and its Functions

    • Myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS).
    • Acts as insulation to speed up electrical signal conduction.
    • Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin that help promote rapid signal transmission.

    Membrane Potential and Action Potentials

    • Resting membrane potential: Electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at rest.
    • Action potential: Rapid changes in membrane potential (triggered by stimulus).
    • Neurotransmitter release is at the synapse (via exocytosis when action potential reaches axon terminals).

    Summary of Action Potential Stages (Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization, Propagation)

    • Provides an overview of electrical signal propagation along neuron axon.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key aspects of the nervous system, including membrane potentials, neurotransmitters, and brain functions. This quiz covers essential functions of the nervous system such as sensory processing, the role of cerebrospinal fluid, and action potential mechanisms. Challenge yourself with questions designed for neuroscience students and enthusiasts alike.

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