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Questions and Answers

The blood brain barrier is not found in one of the following areas

The primary visual area in the occipital lobe

The cerebellum

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) (correct)

The basal ganglia

The pons

A visual exam in an 80-year-old man shows he has a reduced ability to see objects in the upper and lower quadrants of the left visual fields of both eyes but some vision remains in the central regions of the visual field. The diagnosis is

lesion of the optic chiasm.

heteronymous hemianopia with macular sparing.

retinopathy.

central scotoma

homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing. (correct)

Higher motor commands originate in all the following centres, except:-

cerebral cortex

thalamus (correct)

caudate nucleus

None of the above

cerebellum

The following does not constitute motor innervations pathway to the muscle spindle

Secondary type II fibres Signup and view all the answers

One of the following statements regarding language function is wrong

The speech disorders are commoner in females than in males Signup and view all the answers

The upper motor neuron impairment produces the following change of muscles tone:

spasticity Signup and view all the answers

Cerebellar ataxia is manifested by all the following, except :-

static tremors Signup and view all the answers

One of the structures (named below) does not take part in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as outlined below

30% of the CSF flows down following the olfactory receptor nerve sub arachnoid space to entre the lymphatics of the nasal mucosa which drain into the neck lymphatics Signup and view all the answers

Functions of basal ganglia include all the following, except :-

initiation of reflex movement. Signup and view all the answers

In many elderly individuals

Retrograde amnesia is a common memory system dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia is:

GABA Signup and view all the answers

One of the following listed areas is not in the frontal lobe of the brain

The auditory association area Signup and view all the answers

Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that is

autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

Striatum sends stimulatory output to:

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

A 45-year-old woman who had never needed to wear glasses had trouble reading a menu in a dimly-lit restaurant. She then recalled that as of late she needed to have the newspaper closer to her eyes to read it. Her ophthalmologist told her she was experiencing age-related loss of accommodation for near vision (presbyopis) that is due to

the inability to increase the curvature of the lens. Signup and view all the answers

The correct sequence of events involved in phototransduction in rods and cones in response to light is:

structural changes in rhodopsin, activation of transducin, decrease in intracellular cGMP, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and decreased release of glutamate. Signup and view all the answers

In relation to Parkinson's disease, all of the following happen except;

broad based steps Signup and view all the answers

One of the following statements regarding the brain's hemispherical specialization is wrong

Dysfunction of the non-dominant Broca's area make one speak in monotones Signup and view all the answers

Regarding corticospinal (corticobulbar) tract:

30% of corticospinal (corticobulbar) tract is contributed by motor cortex. Signup and view all the answers

Saliva secretion is primarily a result of

increased parasympathetic stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairing of parts of cerebellum & its function is CORRECT?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Higher CNS function does not include

Thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

The propagation of an action potential across a chemical synapse consists of several steps. Which of the following steps is the slowest?

Diffusion of the neuro-transmitter. Signup and view all the answers

A medical student is studying neurons that are part of a descending pain modulating pathway. What brain region is correctly paired with the neurotransmitters it releases and the location where the neurotransmitter is released?

Locus coeruleus neurons release norepinephrine in the spinal dorsal horn. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding motor lesions;

Upper motor neuron lesions may produce atrophy in long standing cases Signup and view all the answers

The magnocellular units where posterior pituitary nanopeptides are synthesized are found in

Preoptic and paraventricular nuclei Signup and view all the answers

The crista ampullaris is sensitive to :-

angular acceleration Signup and view all the answers

The gross barriers that protect the brain from damage are

The dura mater Signup and view all the answers

Cerebellum receives input from the following sites EXCEPT:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The following areas in the brain have no Blood Brain Barrier EXCEPT

The posterior lobe of the cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

One of the following statements regarding the electroencephalogram (EEG) is wrong

Can be used for studying the activity of single neurons Signup and view all the answers

One of the following is not an EEG wave

T Signup and view all the answers

Destruction of cerebellum leads to the following EXCEPT:

Hypertonia Signup and view all the answers

Actions of Cortisol include

inhibiting mast cells response and allergic response Signup and view all the answers

One of the steps regarding the way in which the brain executes voluntary movements is incorrect

Nerve impulses are sent to the pre motor cortex and the visual cortex Signup and view all the answers

Neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease has been found to be generally effective:

If the patient is under 60 yrs of age and immunosuppressant treatment is given Signup and view all the answers

One of the sequential processes, listed below, which the brain executes in learning new verbal facts and committing them to memory, is incorrect

The sensory memory holds all the information and noise coming from the ears for seconds Signup and view all the answers

Pain Sensation: -

occurs when the stimulus causes damage of the sensory receptors Signup and view all the answers

One of the following terms is not used for classifying human memory

Retroactive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parts of the eye has the greatest concentration of rods?

Parafoveal region Signup and view all the answers

The following areas in the central nervous system are not involved in the direct control of higher CNS functions

The lumbar spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Vertigo :-

is a post-rotational sense of being rotated toward opposite side of original rotation Signup and view all the answers

Polysynaptic reflexes does not serve to

translocate the entire organism from danger spot Signup and view all the answers

The EEG has the following waves forms EXCEPT

T Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement regarding vision is FALSE?

Lesions in the lateral geniculate nuclei result in contralateral heteronymous hemianopia with normal pupillary reflex. Signup and view all the answers

Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease are examples of;

Extrapyramidal disorders Signup and view all the answers

A 62-year-old man went to his ophthalmologist for his routine eye exam. It included ophthalmoscopy to visualize the interior surface of his eye, opposite to the lens. This portion of the eye is called

the fundus. Signup and view all the answers

One of the following structures is not part of the Papez emotion circuit

The primary visual cortex Signup and view all the answers

With relation to lesions in the basal ganglia'

tremor may be present during movement (intentional tremor) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Brain Barrier

The blood brain barrier is not found in the primary visual area of the occipital lobe.
It is present in the cerebellum, pons, and basal ganglia.
The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) lacks the barrier.

Visual Exam in 80-Year-Old Man

A visual exam on an 80-year-old man revealed reduced vision in the upper and lower quadrants of the left visual field, but central vision remained.
The diagnosis is heteronymous hemianopia with macular sparing.

Higher Motor Commands

Higher motor commands originate in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and caudate nucleus.
The cerebellum is not involved in the origin of these commands.

Motor Innervations Pathway to the Muscle Spindle

The final common pathway is part of the motor innervations pathway to the muscle spindle.
Secondary type II fibers, alpha motor neurons, and beta motor neurons are also part of the pathway.
Descending gamma fibers are not part of the pathway.

Language Function

Destruction of Broca's area (anterior speech area) leads to non-fluent aphasia (motor aphasia)
Broca's area controls the motor aspects of speech, such as word production.
Destruction of Wernicke's area (posterior speech area) causes fluent aphasia (jargon aphasia).
Speech disorders are not more common in females than males
Wernicke's area is responsible for the comprehension of speech, written language or sign language

Upper Motor Neuron Impairment

Upper motor neuron impairment results in spasticity.

Cerebellar Ataxia

Cerebellar ataxia is characterized by resting tremors.
Also includes dysdiadochokinesia and dysmetria
Staccato speech is a symptom.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation

Several structures are not part of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

Basal Ganglia Functions

Basal ganglia functions include planning voluntary movements, executing learned movement patterns, programming voluntary movements, and postural regulation.

Memory

Elderly individuals may exhibit dysfunction in the hippocampus, leading to retrograde amnesia, difficulty recalling past events, and impaired long-term memory.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter for basal ganglia is GABA

Brain Regions in Frontal Lobe

The premotor cortex, pre-frontal cortex, and primary motor cortex are within the frontal lobe of the brain.
The auditory association area is not found within the frontal lobe.

Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder.
The condition is not treatable, and symptoms are not typically identified until after 50 years of age.

Striatum Output

The striatum sends stimulatory output to the substantia nigra, external segment of globus pallidus, internal segment of globus pallidus, and subthalamic nuclei

Presbyopia:

Presbyopia is age-related loss of accommodation for near vision.
Symptoms include the need to hold reading material closer to the eyes to see clearly.
The inability to increase the curvature of the eye's lens results in presbyopia.

Phototransduction

The correct sequence of phototransduction events involves structural changes in rhodopsin, activation of transducin, a decrease in intracellular cGMP, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and a decreased release of glutamate.

Parkinson's Disease

Symptoms from Parkinson's disease include Facial masking, rigidity in both flexors and extensors, and static tremors.
Absence of arm swinging during walking and broad-based steps occur in Parkinsons patients.

Brain Hemispheric Specialization

Broca's area in the non-dominant hemisphere is not involved in telling jokes and stories.
Language function is primarily controlled by the left hemisphere.
The right hemisphere is responsible for spatio-temporal brain functions.

Corticospinal Tract

30% of the corticospinal tract is composed of the motor cortex.
The corticospinal tract also has contributions from the premotor and somatosensory cortices.

Saliva Secretion

Increased parasympathetic stimulation primarily results in saliva secretion.

Cerebellar Function

Cerebrocerebellum is involved in motor planning.
Spinocerebellum is involved in motor execution.
Vestibulocerebellum plays a role in balance and eye movement.

Higher CNS Function

Thermoregulation is not considered a higher CNS function.

Polysynaptic Reflexes

Polysynaptic reflexes are involved in relocating the affected part of the body from dangers.
They regulate muscle fiber length changes.

EEG Waves

The EEG does not have T waves.
EEG waves include Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Theta.

Visual System

Binocular vision combines images from both eyes in the cortex, essential for depth perception.
Monocular vision alone can be sufficient for perceiving some aspects of depth.
Bilateral occipital cortex damage may result in subjective blindness but preserve responses to visual stimuli.

Neurological Disorders

Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease are examples of extrapyramidal disorders (specifically, of dopaminergic disorders) and should not be confused with dementia or gabaergic disorders.

Ophthalmoscopy

The fundus—the interior surface of the eye behind the lens—is visualized during ophthalmoscopy.

Papez Emotion Circuit

The primary visual cortex is not part of the Papez emotion circuit; the limbic system is involved in the emotion circuit.

Basal Ganglia Lesions

Lesions to the basal ganglia can cause involuntary movements, including intentional tremors, or changes in muscle tone (hypertonia).

Human Memory

Retroactive interference is not a standard method for classifying human memory.

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2020 Physiology MCQ Focus Neurology