NEURO 2020 COMBINED

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) is a circumventricular organ (CVO) that lacks a blood-brain barrier. It is involved in osmoregulation, thirst, and blood pressure control.

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing is a visual field defect where the same half of the visual field is lost in both eyes, but central vision is spared. This is typically caused by a lesion in the optic tract or the visual cortex.

The thalamus is a relay center for sensory information and not a motor control center.

Beta motor neurons are not involved in the innervation of muscle spindles. Muscle spindles are innervated by alpha and gamma motor neurons.

Speech disorders are more common in males than females. This is likely due to the fact that males are more prone to certain neurological conditions that can affect speech, such as stroke and traumatic brain injury.

Upper motor neuron impairment results in spasticity, which is an increase in muscle tone and stiffness.

Resting tremors are characteristic of Parkinson's disease, not cerebellar ataxia.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) does not flow down the olfactory receptor nerve subarachnoid space to enter lymphatics of the nasal mucosa. The majority of CSF is reabsorbed into the blood via arachnoid granulations.

Basal ganglia are involved in the initiation of movements, not reflex movements. Reflex movements are controlled by spinal cord reflexes.

The hippocampus, a brain structure involved in memory formation, often shows dysfunction in the elderly. This can lead to difficulties with forming new memories (anterograde amnesia) and remembering past events (retrograde amnesia).

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia. This plays a crucial role in modulating and controlling movement.

The auditory association area is located in the temporal lobe, not the frontal lobe.

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene. There is no cure or effective treatment for the disorder.

The striatum sends stimulatory output to the external segment of the globus pallidus. This is part of the direct pathway in the basal ganglia, which facilitates movement.

Presbyopia, the age-related loss of accommodation for near vision, is caused by the inability to increase the curvature of the lens. This occurs because the lens becomes less flexible with age.

The correct sequence of events involved in phototransduction in rods and cones in response to light involves structural changes in rhodopsin, activation of transducin, decrease in intracellular cGMP, closure of cGMP-gated cation channels, and decreased release of glutamate.

In Parkinson's disease, the resting tremor is present, not a static tremor. Static tremor refers to a tremor that is present even during rest.

Broca's area in the non-dominant hemisphere is involved in humor and storytelling, not just monotone speech. The non-dominant hemisphere contributes to prosody, which involves the emotional and rhythmic aspects of language.

Only about 30% of corticospinal (corticobulbar) tract fibers originate from the motor cortex. Other areas like the premotor cortex also contribute to this important pathway.

Saliva secretion is primarily driven by increased parasympathetic stimulation. This leads to increased activity of salivary glands, producing more saliva.

The spinocerebellum is involved in motor execution, while the vestibulocerebellum is responsible for balance and eye movement, and the cerebrocerebellum is involved in motor planning.

Thermoregulation is not considered a higher CNS function. It is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain.

Diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft is the slowest step in the propagation of an action potential across a chemical synapse.

The periaqueductal gray neurons release endorphins in the spinal dorsal horn. This is part of the descending pain modulating pathway, which helps to reduce pain perception.

Upper motor neuron lesions can produce weakness and paralysis, not just flaccidity, and may cause atrophy in long-standing cases. Lower motor neuron lesions do not produce hyperreflexia. Upper motor neuron lesions show a positive Babinski sign.

The magnocellular units where posterior pituitary nanopeptides are synthesized are found in the paraventricular and preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. These neurohormones are then released from the posterior pituitary.

The crista ampullaris is sensitive to angular acceleration. It is a sensory structure located within the semicircular canals of the inner ear that detects changes in rotational movement.

The blood-brain barrier is NOT present in the following areas: * The infundibulum that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland * The Organum Vasculosum Lamina Terminalis * The Sub-fornical Organ of the third ventricle * The Area Postrema which overlies the vomiting centre

The EEG can be used to diagnose different types of epilepsy and assess brain activity in intensive care units, but it does not measure the activity of single neurons. It records the summed electrical activity of large groups of neurons.

The EEG wave forms include: Alpha, Beta, Delta, Theta, and Gamma. There is no T wave in the EEG.

Hypertonia is not a consequence of cerebellar destruction. Cerebellar lesions typically cause ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, and impaired learning of coordinated movements.

Cortisol has various functions including increasing fibroblast activity and accelerating wound healing, inhibiting mast cells response and allergic response. However, it does not have a diuretic effect and does not synergize with insulin to promote glucose entry into cells.

The decision to carry out a voluntary movement is made in the emotion and motivation brain, specifically the cingulate gyrus and prefrontal lobe.

Neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease is not generally effective. While some promising research is ongoing, current techniques have limited success and are considered experimental.

The information is transferred to the short-term memory systems in the hippocampus, the prefrontal, and temporal lobes, not the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe primarily processes visual information.

Pain sensation is evoked by strong stimulation of specific receptors, which can be either free nerve endings or encapsulated receptors. It does not necessarily involve damage to sensory receptors.

Retroactive interference is not a type of memory, but a phenomenon that can affect memory. It refers to the interference of newly learned information with the retrieval of previously learned information.

The parafoveal region, which surrounds the fovea, has a higher concentration of rods than the fovea. The fovea has a high concentration of cones, specialized for color vision and sharp detail.

The lumbar spinal cord is not directly involved in the control of higher CNS functions. It primarily relays sensory information from the lower body and controls motor functions of the legs and feet.

Vertigo is a rotational sense of being rotated toward the opposite side of the original rotation. This is caused by a mismatch between the signals from the vestibular system and the visual system.

The statement that 'allowing children to be fluent in their mother tongue enables them to learn foreign languages better' is incorrect. While fluency in the first language is beneficial, it does not guarantee better foreign language acquisition.

Polysynaptic reflexes serve various functions, including withdrawing the affected part of the body from danger, translocating the entire organism away from danger, and maintaining the posture of the body. However, they do not directly regulate the rate of change of muscle fiber length.

Gamma waves are also present in the EEG. They are associated with higher cognitive processing and information processing.

Binocular vision does not rely on fusion of images from the central visual field of both eyes at a cortical level. It relies on the fusion of images from both eyes at the subcortical level, specifically in the brain stem.

Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease are examples of extrapyramidal disorders. These disorders are characterized by movement abnormalities that affect the basal ganglia.

The fundus is the interior surface of the eye opposite to the lens. It includes the retina, optic disc, macula, and blood vessels.

The primary visual cortex is not part of the Papez emotion circuit. The Papez circuit involves the cingulate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, anterior thalamus, and hypothalamus, which play roles in emotional processing and memory.

Lesions in the basal ganglia can lead to changes in muscle tone, both hypertonia and hypotonia, depending on the location and specific pathways affected. However, lesions in the basal ganglia can cause involuntary movements like tremors and chorea.