Neuroscience Quiz on Brain and Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the body's total blood flow does the human brain receive?

  • 14% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 20%
  • 25%

    • What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?

  • To protect the brain from toxic substances (correct)
  • To facilitate blood flow to the brain
  • To enhance neurotransmitter transmission
  • To regulate body temperature

    • Which of the following structures is part of the forebrain identification process?

  • Medulla oblongata
  • Spinal cord
  • Hypothalamus (correct)
  • Cerebellum

    • How many neurons are estimated to be in the human central nervous system?

    <p>80-100 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'soma' refer to in neurons?

    <p>The cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of blood flow regulation in the brain?

    <p>Autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sectioning plane is also known as the axial plane?

    <p>Horizontal section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are glial cells derived from?

    <p>Neuroepithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of materials away from the soma towards the axon terminal?

    <p>Anterograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the high concentration of nerve cell bodies in the CNS?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are oligodendrocytes responsible for forming in the CNS?

    <p>Myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a series of neurons that carry a specific type of information?

    <p>Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ganglia are associated with sensory functions?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a descending long tract in the central nervous system?

    <p>Corticospinal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes white matter in the CNS?

    <p>Bundled axons that are myelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reflex?

    <p>An automatic response to a specific stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rostral refer to in terms of anatomical direction?

    <p>Toward the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part forms the central nervous system from a subset of ectoderm cells?

    <p>Neural tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the structure that forms the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Neural tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the anatomical orientation above the midbrain, which term indicates the direction towards the front?

    <p>Rostral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction does 'caudal' refer to in anatomical terms?

    <p>Toward the tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Formed from neural crest cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'dorsal' in the context of anatomical orientation?

    <p>Toward the back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right parts?

    <p>Sagittal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the Neuroscience study this semester?

    <p>To examine the structure and function of the nervous system from a preclinical perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe the organization of the nervous system as indicated in the content?

    <p>Subsystems operate independently without interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratories are included in Module 1?

    <p>Laboratory 1 (Brain external anatomy) and Laboratory 2 (Brainstem)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which textbook is required for the Neuroscience course?

    <p>Essential Neuroscience Through Clinical Cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the subsystems of the nervous system structured?

    <p>Hierarchically organized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of study indicated in the document?

    <p>Individual guided research projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which module is the study of the telencephalon included?

    <p>Module 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key topic of study in Laboratory 4?

    <p>The arterial supply of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the basal ganglia in the motor control system?

    <p>Movement initiation and program selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensory information is carried by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)?

    <p>Sensation from the face and nasal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the brain does the relay of somatosensory information primarily occur?

    <p>Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily influences upper motor neurons through loops of neurocircuitry?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organization is demonstrated by the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex?

    <p>Somatotopic organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cerebellum in motor control?

    <p>Establishing sensorimotor integration and coordination of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lesion signs above the decussation in sensory pathways typically result in what type of deficit?

    <p>Contralateral sensory deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain processes primary somatosensory information?

    <p>Postcentral gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corticospinal tract?

    <p>To facilitate fine motor movements of the limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does decussation refer to in neuroanatomy?

    <p>The pathway crossing the midline at a specific point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the mapping of different body regions in the brain's sensory systems?

    <p>Somatotopic maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of afferent pathways in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit sensory information to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a lesion in the corticospinal tract?

    <p>Contralateral weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Neuroscience

    • The course aims to examine the structure and function of the nervous system from a preclinical perspective.
    • The nervous system is comprised of many subsystems organized hierarchically, performing functions from simple to complex.
    • Key textbooks include 4th edition "Essential Neuroscience" and 3rd edition "Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases".

    Required Textbooks

    • "Essential Neuroscience" (4th edition) is a required textbook.
    • "Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases" (3rd edition) is another required textbook.
    • "Nolte's The Human Brain in Photographs and Diagrams" (5th edition) is recommended as an atlas.
    • Other recommended alternative atlases include "Basic Clinical Neuroscience", and "Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience".
    • OMS2 will continue using the Blumenfeld textbook.

    Objectives

    • Apply systems biology principles to the study of the nervous system.
    • Define the emergent properties of the central nervous system.
    • Sketch the basic organization of the CNS and PNS.
    • Interpret block diagrams of the nervous system.
    • Identify important facts and organizational features about the brain.
    • Discuss the nervous system at cellular and systems levels.
    • Use neuroscientific and neuroanatomical terminology to discuss function.

    Neurological Organization

    • The nervous system is a beautiful, elegant, and complex system in the body.
    • It is interconnected and performs processing that is simultaneously local and distributed, serial and parallel, hierarchical and global.
    • Structures can be described on multiple levels, including macroscopic brain divisions, connecting pathways, individual brain cells, and signaling molecules.
    • Neural structures are anatomically described using terms like dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, rostral and caudal.

    Nervous System Components

    • The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord located inside the dura sac.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises nerves (cranial and spinal), ganglia (sensory and autonomic), and the enteric nervous system.

    Nervous System Origin

    • Subset of cells in the ectoderm form the nervous system.
    • The neural tube forms the brain and a caudal continuation in the spinal cord.
    • The ventricular system is formed by the fluid-filled cavities in the developing neural tube.
    • Neural crest cells form the peripheral nervous system.

    Neuroanatomical Localization

    • Anatomical directions are determined by the central axis of the body.
    • The relationship of rostral and caudal is modified in different areas of the brain such as rostral to caudal referring to the nose and tail, respectively, in reptiles.

    Neuroanatomical Planes

    • Horizontal planes are regularly used in gross anatomical study and medical imaging.
    • Sagittal and coronal planes are frequently used in gross anatomical and histological, and medical imaging studies.
    • These planes are essential for visualizing and understanding different structures.

    Clinical Imaging

    • Clinical imaging of the head and brain provide vital structural information of human brain.
    • Specific structures and anatomical landmarks can be identified through clinical imaging techniques.

    The Human Brain

    • The human brain represents 2% of the body mass.
    • The brain consumes 20% of the body oxygen, 14% of total blood flow, and 25% of total body glucose.
    • Blood flow through the brain is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

    Cellular Composition

    • The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia (glia).
    • Neurons are the computational units of the nervous system (80/100 billion in the human nervous system).
    • Glial cells support neurons in different ways.

    Neuron & Synapse Movement

    • Materials moving away from the soma (cell body) towards the axon terminal are called anterograde.
    • Materials moving towards the soma (cell body) from the axon terminal are called retrograde.
    • Neurons communicate via synapses.

    The CNS Organization

    • Gray matter features high concentrations of nerve cell bodies.
    • White matter contains bundles of axons (tracts) in the CNS, often organized as myelinated axons.
    • The neural tube's differentiation determines adult derivative size, shape, and location.

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • Ganglia are aggregates of nerve cell bodies.
    • Nerves are collections of axons.
    • Ganglia and nerves are located outside the dura sac.
    • Ganglia are either sensory (dorsal root ganglia), cranial nerves, or autonomic (visceral).

    Pathways

    • Pathways are series of neurons responsible for specific types of information.
    • Attributes like the type of carried information, length of pathway, and chemical coding may vary.

    Functional Systems

    • These are distinct pathways based on functions.
    • Examples include the anterolateral system, dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, and corticospinal system.
    • Damage to these long tracts can cause repeatable lesion signs and patterns.

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes are involuntary responses triggered by stimuli
    • Key examples include the myotatic reflex (also called deep tendon reflex)
    • Clinical terms for reflexes range from areflexia to hyperreflexia.

    Drawing of Neurons and Synapses

    • Draw and interpret schematic representations of pathways within the central nervous system.

    Topographical Division of Nervous System

    • The nervous system can be topographically divided into central and peripheral components.
    • Functionally, it is divided into sensory, motor, and integrative components.
    • The somatic and visceral nervous systems are based on the targets for motor innervation.

    Sections of the Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord at a typical thoracic level serves as the simplest model for nervous system organization.
    • Parts of the spinal cord include the dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) horns.

    Spinal Cord and PNS

    • Spinal cord links the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the brain.
    • Spinal nerve roots are connected to its spinal segments.
    • The spinal cord also organizes spinal reflexes and communicates with various levels of the spinal cord itself through ascending and descending tracts.

    Brain Stem and its Sections

    • The brainstem includes the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
    • It plays roles in cranial nerve nuclei, cardiorespiratory center functions, and links the cortex to the cerebellum.
    • These areas are critically important for integrated functions.

    Cerebellum

    • The cerebellum is located below the tentorium cerebelli and topographically positioned in the brainstem
    • but considered as a separate unit.
    • It receives highly processed sensory input, modulates motor output, and anatomically has a foliate cerebral cortex.

    Forebrain

    • The forebrain includes structures like the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and cerebral hemispheres (composed of cerebral cortex and subcortical gray matter).
    • White matter tracts connect regions in the forebrain and other nervous system structures.

    Cranial Nerves

    • Cranial nerves are numbered I-XII, with olfactory (I) and optic (II) functioning as part of the central nervous system.
    • Cranial nerves from III to XII are attached to the brainstem and act as peripheral nerves.
    • Some cranial nerves incorporate autonomic components.

    Regional and Systemic Studies

    • The nervous system can be studied using a hierarchical approach.
    • Systems and pathways within the nervous system can traverse several regions.

    Somatosensory System

    • The somatosensory systems (carrying touch/sensory information) use distinct pathways for various modalities, such as vibration. - Lesions above the decussation cause contralateral (opposite side of the body) sensory deficits.

    Somatosensory Information Processing

    • The thalamus acts as a processing center, relaying somatosensory information from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain (postcentral gyrus). - The thalamus contains the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus that receives and relays somatosensory information.

    Motor Systems

    • The corticospinal tract is a key pathway for voluntary limb movements (also known as the pyramidal tract).
    • Lesions of the corticospinal tract cause contralateral weakness.
    • Other motor pathways include those originating in the brainstem, connecting with spinal cord.

    Motor Output Regulation

    • Basal ganglia and the cerebellum regulate motor output.
    • Using loops of neurocircuitry, these structures primarily influence upper motor neurons.
    • Basal ganglia are crucial for initiation and program selection of movements.
    • The cerebellum is involved in sensorimotor integration and coordination.

    Key Anatomical/Neuroscientific Terms

    • A list of terms important in the study of the nervous system's anatomy and neurological function, including ipsilateral/contralateral, commissure/decussation/projection and their functions, along with nerve fiber composition in white and gray matter.

    Functional Systems Approach

    • Functional systems are studied by identifying motor and sensory pathways and understanding how they typically organize through regions.

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