Neuroscience Quiz on Brain Structures and Functions

True (A)

The cerebellum monitors and enhances information from the major motor system of the brain.

<p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature, thirst, and hunger Cerebellum = Monitors and enhances information from the major motor system Prefrontal cortex = Decision making, higher mental functions Broca's area = Motor speech area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining the concentration gradient of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrochemical gradient drives the movement of ions across the cell membrane. It is determined by both the concentration difference and the electrical potential difference across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nernst</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+ = -61 mV K+ = +61 mV Cl- = -61 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Goldman Equation calculates the membrane potential based on the relative permeability of the membrane to different ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a more comprehensive and accurate model for determining membrane potential by taking into account the contributions of multiple ions and their permeability across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as immune cells that can move to areas of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood Brain Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes = Protect neurons from harmful substances Oligodendrocytes = Form myelin sheaths in the CNS Schwann Cells = Form myelin sheaths in the PNS Satellite Cells = Protect neuron cell bodies in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>K+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>propagated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+ = 60mV K+ = -90mV Cl- = -60mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical membrane potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transmit information over long distances in the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To actively transport Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic neurotransmitter release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EPSPs increase the likelihood of an action potential, while IPSPs decrease the likelihood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Excitatory GABA = Inhibitory Dopamine = Excitatory Glutamate = Excitatory Glycine = Inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuromodulators don't directly cause EPSPs or IPSPs, but they influence the strength of synaptic transmission by affecting the synthesis, release, degradation, or reuptake of neurotransmitters, or by altering the postsynaptic membrane's sensitivity to neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SSRI's (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choroid plexuses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It returns to the blood via arachnoid villi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>internal carotid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common carotid arteries = Face and scalp Vertebrobasilar = Posterior cerebrum Internal carotid arteries = Anterior cerebrum Circle of Willis = Base of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps maintain blood flow in case of blockage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory and motor divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The addition of a phosphate group to a protein, causing a shape change.

A gradient that combines chemical concentration and electrical charge effects on ions.

Equation that calculates the membrane potential for a specific ion.

The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane.

Equation that calculates the overall membrane potential from multiple ions.

Difference in the concentration of ions across a membrane.

The amount of a specific ion inside versus outside a cell.

The ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through.

A region in the brain that regulates homeostatic functions such as temperature, thirst, and hunger.

The part of the brain connecting the spinal cord, consisting of the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, responsible for motor output and sensory perception integration.

A brain structure located behind the brain stem that monitors and enhances motor information.

Functional areas in the cerebral cortex responsible for movement control and muscle tone.

The area of the brain that directly controls voluntary movement.

A region in the left hemisphere that directs the muscles involved in speech production.

The area of the brain involved in decision making, planning, and personality traits.

Regions in the cerebral cortex responsible for conscious awareness of sensations.

The difference in electrical charge across a neuron's membrane.

Proteins that allow ions to pass through the membrane, influencing action potential.

A rapid rise and fall in membrane potential that propagates along the neuron.

Sodium ions that enter the neuron, causing depolarization during an action potential.

Potassium ions that exit the neuron, leading to repolarization after depolarization.

Changes in the neuron's membrane that determine which ions can enter or exit.

The use of action potentials to create neurotransmitter release and other cellular activities.

The process of the membrane potential becoming less negative due to Na+ influx.

The return of the membrane potential to a negative value after depolarization due to K+ efflux.

Occurs when the membrane reaches a certain threshold after Na+ enters.

Star-shaped glial cells that protect neurons and maintain the brain's chemical environment.

Immune cells of the CNS with spider-like projections that respond to infection.

Cells lining the brain's central cavities that help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Glial cells that produce myelin sheaths to insulate nerve fibers in the CNS.

Glial cells forming myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS, not CNS.

Changes in the membrane potential caused by synaptic neurotransmitter release, leading to either increased or decreased likelihood of action potential.

Excitatory postsynaptic potential; a graded potential that makes a neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; a graded potential that makes a neuron less likely to fire an action potential.

An action potential is triggered by the integrated spatial and temporal summation of EPSPs and IPSPs.

A chemical messenger released by neurons that modulates the effects of neurotransmitters without directly causing EPSPs or IPSPs.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; increase serotonin's availability to improve mood and sleep.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; prevent breakdown of neurotransmitters, prolonging their effects on mood.

To increase dopamine release, consider utilizing substances that inhibit monoamine oxidases to extend their effects.

Cerebrospinal fluid, secreted by choroid plexuses, circulates in the CNS.

Network of blood vessels that produces CSF.

Fluid-filled spaces in the brain that contain CSF.

Structures that reabsorb CSF into the blood.

Condition where CSF accumulates, causing pressure on the brain.

A circular network of arteries at the base of the brain.

Major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck, splits into internal and external.

Nervous system part that includes sensory and motor divisions.