Neuroscience Quiz: Nervous System Structure
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Questions and Answers

Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving impulses?

  • Axon
  • Dendrites (correct)
  • Cell body (soma)
  • Neuroglial cells

What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?

  • Line the brain ventricles
  • Phagocytic protection
  • Support to neurons
  • Myelination of fibers in the CNS (correct)

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

  • Cerebellum
  • Corpus callosum (correct)
  • Hippocampus
  • Brain stem

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrum?

<p>Regulate heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroglial cell type is known to line the ventricles of the brain?

<p>Ependymal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the axon in a neuron?

<p>Transmit impulses away from the soma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily involved in processing visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from an injury in the thoracic region?

<p>Paraplegia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many spinal segments are there in total?

<p>31 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is lumbar puncture typically performed?

<p>Between L3 and L4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the cervical nerves primarily supply?

<p>Head and neck (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic nervous system controls the fight or flight response?

<p>Sympathetic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

<p>Occipital lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the motor area located in the frontal lobe?

<p>Controlling movements of the opposite side of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the thalamus and hypothalamus located in the brain?

<p>Above the brain stem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord?

<p>Brain stem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure lies between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata?

<p>Pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sensory areas in the parietal lobe?

<p>Receiving and processing sensations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the control relationship between the brain hemispheres and the body?

<p>The right hemisphere controls the left side and the left hemisphere controls the right side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in each cerebral hemisphere?

<p>Lateral ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is responsible for hearing?

<p>Temporal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vital centers located in the medulla?

<p>Control of heart, blood vessels, and respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of the meninges?

<p>Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?

<p>In the space between arachnoid mater and pia mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cerebellum in the human body?

<p>Coordination of movements, balance, and posture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is present between the two cerebellar hemispheres?

<p>A cavity called the fourth ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is the closest to the brain?

<p>Pia mater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can injury to the medulla lead to?

<p>Death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which membrane sends folds inside to separate various parts of the brain?

<p>Dura mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>To act as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the cerebellum consist of?

<p>Two (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a stroke affecting the motor area of the brain?

<p>Hemiplegia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location where the spinal cord begins in adults?

<p>Lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains the central spinal canal within the spinal cord?

<p>Grey matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three layers of meninges that cover the spinal cord?

<p>Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which space is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found in relation to the spinal cord meninges?

<p>Subarachnoid space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from spinal cord injury, depending on the site of the lesion?

<p>Paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of paralysis occurs if there is damage to both hemispheres of the brain?

<p>Tetraplegia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What arrangement characterizes the internal structure of the spinal cord?

<p>H-shaped arrangement of grey matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the spinal cord's length compare between a fetus and an adult?

<p>Longer in a fetus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes a stroke in the brain?

<p>Loss of blood supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are neurons?

The basic building blocks of the nervous system.

Describe the structure of a neuron.

A neuron is composed of a cell body (soma) and cell processes: dendrites that receive impulses and an axon that transmits impulses away from the soma.

What are neuroglial cells?

Specialized cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system.

What are oligodendrocytes?

They produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS), which speeds up nerve impulse transmission.

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What is the cerebrum?

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions, sensory perception, and motor control.

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What is the corpus callosum?

A bridge of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

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Describe the lobes of the cerebrum.

The cerebrum is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Each lobe performs specific functions.

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Cortical Areas

Areas within the cortex that specialize in specific functions, like sensory processing or motor control.

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Sensory Area

Located in the parietal lobe, this area receives sensory information from the body.

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Motor Area

Located in the frontal lobe, this area controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body.

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Vision Area

Located in the occipital lobe, this area processes visual information.

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Hearing Area

Located in the temporal lobe, this area processes auditory information.

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Speech Area

Located in the frontal lobe, this area plays a role in speech production.

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Brain Stem

The brain stem connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and is composed of three parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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Midbrain

The midbrain is a region in the center of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

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Pons

The pons is a round structure located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata.

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Vital Centers

Clusters of grey matter in the medulla responsible for regulating critical functions like heart rate, blood vessel constriction, and breathing.

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Cerebellum

The part of the brain that maintains balance, posture, and coordinates muscle movements.

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Vermis

The central, worm-like structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

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Fourth Ventricle

A fluid-filled space located between the cerebellum and the brain stem.

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Meninges

The three layers of protective tissue that enclose the brain and spinal cord.

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Dura Mater

The outermost layer of the meninges, tough and durable.

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Arachnoid Mater

The middle layer of the meninges, a thin and delicate membrane.

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Pia Mater

The innermost layer of the meninges, closely adhering to the brain and spinal cord.

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Subarachnoid Space

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, containing cerebrospinal fluid.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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What is a lumbar puncture?

The lumbar puncture is a medical procedure to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes. It is typically performed between the L3 and L4 vertebrae, as this area is relatively safe and allows access to the CSF.

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What is the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical structure that extends from the brainstem and runs down the back, within the vertebral column. It consists of 31 segments, grouped into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

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What is a peripheral nerve?

Each peripheral nerve is composed of bundles of nerve fibers, which are encased in a protective sheath of connective tissue. These nerves carry signals from the central nervous system to the body's muscles, organs, and glands, and vice versa.

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What do spinal nerves supply?

Depending on their location, spinal nerves supply different parts of the body. Cervical nerves, for instance, supply the head, neck, and upper limbs, while thoracic nerves supply the thorax and abdomen.

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What is the autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system is a vital part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions, such as regulating heart rate, digestion, breathing, and body temperature. It operates independently from conscious control.

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What is a stroke?

Stroke occurs when a part of the brain loses blood supply due to blockage or hemorrhage, resulting in loss of function.

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What happens if a stroke affects the motor area of the brain?

If the motor area of the brain is affected by a stroke, the patient may experience hemiplegia, which is paralysis of one side of the body. They might also have difficulty speaking.

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What happens if both hemispheres of the brain are damaged by a stroke?

If both hemispheres of the brain are damaged by a stroke, the patient may have tetraplegia, which is paralysis of all four limbs.

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What is the spinal cord and where is it located?

The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system (CNS) that lies within the bony vertebral canal. It connects to the medulla oblongata at the base of the skull and extends down to the lower back.

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Where does the spinal cord end in adults and children?

In adults, the spinal cord ends around the level of the first lumbar vertebra, while in young children, it extends to the upper border of the third lumbar vertebra.

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What are the protective layers of the spinal cord?

The spinal cord is covered by three protective layers called meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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What is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain?

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is called the subarachnoid space. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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How is the spinal cord structured?

The spinal cord is divided into white matter and grey matter. The white matter is made up of nerve fiber bundles, while the grey matter is H-shaped and contains nerve cell bodies.

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What is the central spinal canal in the spinal cord and what does it contain?

The central spinal canal runs through the center of the grey matter and is filled with CSF.

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How can a spinal cord injury affect the body?

An injury to the spinal cord can result in paralysis depending on the location of the damage. The higher the injury, the more extensive the paralysis.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Overview

  • The nervous system controls all bodily functions
  • It receives sensory information
  • Coordinates incoming information
  • Acts on the information received

Anatomical Divisions

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Located inside the cranium and vertebral column
    • Brain
    • Spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Located outside the axial skeleton
    • Cranial nerves
    • Spinal nerves
    • Ganglia

Functional Divisions

  • Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movements
  • Autonomic nervous system: Controls involuntary functions

Nervous Tissue Components

  • Neurons: Basic unit of nervous tissue
  • Neuroglial cells: Support neurons and perform other functions

Neuron Structure

  • Cell body (soma): Contains the nucleus
  • Dendrites: Receive impulses
  • Axon: Carries or transmits impulses away from the soma

Neuroglia

  • Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate fibers in the CNS
  • Astrocytes: Support neurons
  • Microglial cells: Phagocytic and protective
  • Ependymal cells: Line ventricles
  • Schwann cells: Produce myelin in the PNS

Brain Parts

  • Cerebrum:
    • Largest part of the brain
    • Divided into 4 lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital)
    • Has the corpus callosum, a bridge of fibers connecting the two hemispheres
    • Controls sensory, motor, and higher-level functions
  • Brainstem:
    • Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord
    • Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
    • Controls vital functions such as breathing and heart rate
  • Cerebellum:
    • Located below the occipital lobe
    • Coordinates movements, balance, and muscle tone

Cortical Areas

  • Sensory areas: Receive sensory information
  • Motor areas: Control movements
  • Vision, hearing, speech areas are also present and located strategically in lobes

Interior of the Cerebrum

  • Lateral ventricles: Cavities within the cerebral hemispheres filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

  • Forms the core of the cerebrum
  • Regulates endocrine and visceral functions
  • The third ventricle lies between the two thalami

Brain Stem

  • Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
  • Connects the cerebrum and spinal cord
  • Controls vital functions (breathing, heart rate, blood flow)

Cerebellum

  • Located below the occipital lobe
  • Coordinates movements
  • Controls balance and muscle tone
  • The fourth ventricle lies between the brain stem and cerebellum

Meninges

  • Three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) covering the brain and spinal cord
  • Protect the brain and spinal cord
  • Have spaces: subdural, subarachnoid space filled with CSF

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Fluid between arachnoid and pia mater
  • Cushions the brain and spinal cord
  • Nourishes the CNS

Clinical Applications

  • Stroke: Loss of function due to blood supply issues (blocked artery, hemorrhage)
  • Hemiplegia: Paralysis on one side of the body
  • Tetraplegia: Paralysis of all four limbs

Spinal Cord

  • Part of the CNS, located within the vertebral canal
  • Extends from the medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra(adult), or up to L3 in young children.
  • Contains grey and white matter
  • The meninges cover the spinal cord to the S2

Spinal Cord Section

  • White matter (nerve bundles) surrounds the grey matter (H-shaped) in the center region
  • Contains a central spinal canal filled with CSF

Spinal Nerves

  • 31 segments grouped into 5 regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)
  • Cervical nerves supply the head and upper limbs
  • Thoracic nerves supply the thorax and abdomen
  • Lumbar and sacral nerves supply the lower limbs and pelvis

Cranial Nerves

  • 12 pairs emerging from the brain stem

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Controls involuntary functions
    • Blood vessels, viscera, glands
    • Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (often have opposite effects on the same target)

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Description

Test your knowledge about the structure and functions of the nervous system with this quiz. Explore key components such as neurons, glial cells, and brain regions. Perfect for students studying neuroscience or related fields.

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