Neuroscience Quiz: Brain Development and History
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Questions and Answers

What factors contribute to an increase in brain size during an individual's life span?

  • Good nutrition and a culturally enriched environment (correct)
  • Age and physical exercise
  • Exposure to technology
  • Genetic predisposition only

    • What is a significant outcome of the brain's ability to form new connections among brain cells?

  • Inability to learn new skills
  • Permanent loss of past memories
  • Reduction in brain size
  • Storage of new skills and memories (correct)

    • Which of the following abilities is not related to the presence of a striate cortex?

  • Identifying insects in the environment
  • Locating food during flight (correct)
  • Visual recognition of height and branches
  • Navigating through complex terrains

    • Which primate's large temporal lobe is associated with its memory ability and varied diet?

    <p>Galagos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable development occurred approximately 30,000 years ago among modern humans?

    <p>Creation of the first artistic relics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of trephination during the Stone Age?

    <p>To alleviate pressure after trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Aristotle's belief regarding the source of mental processes?

    <p>The heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which notable figure proposed the idea of Mind-Body Dualism?

    <p>Rene Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricular localization hypothesis proposed that mental processes lie within what part of the brain?

    <p>The ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did Albertus Magnus contribute to in the 12th century regarding behavior?

    <p>Triune Brain theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major anatomical correction did Andreas Vesalius make in the 16th century?

    <p>Inaccuracies of Galen’s views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thomas Willis study regarding the brain?

    <p>Blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Hippocrates, what correlates with brain damage?

    <p>Paralysis on the opposite side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>It is a network of arteries that supply blood to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept did Franz Gall introduce regarding brain function?

    <p>Different psychological states are localized to different brain areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of Wernicke's research on language?

    <p>Understanding language is impaired by damage to the left posterior temporal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Broca's aphasia characterized by?

    <p>Motor speech deficits resulting from left frontal lobe lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What erroneous belief was associated with Phrenology?

    <p>Phrenologists believed larger brain areas indicated superior qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cortical localization?

    <p>It emphasizes distinct areas of the cortex performing specific functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary focus of Paul Broca's research?

    <p>Investigating the relationship between brain injuries and language deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the brain's gray matter is true?

    <p>Gray matter is essential for neural processing and cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reticular activating system (RAS)?

    <p>Acts as a sensory filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the basal ganglia play in the nervous system?

    <p>Inhibitory motor responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for motor movement and coordination?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the midbrain is responsible for visual processing?

    <p>Superior colliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital functions does the medulla oblongata control?

    <p>Heart rate and respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in controlling eye muscles?

    <p>Abducens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

    <p>Transverse Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?

    <p>Primary somatosensory functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Corpus Callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for integrating and planning motor responses?

    <p>Association Areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the thalamus?

    <p>Relay center for sensory tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the process when a neuron fires an action potential?

    <p>It is an all-or-none process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons?

    <p>Saltatory conduction where electrical activity jumps between nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily involved in visual processing?

    <p>Occipital Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the area of the brain devoted to higher cognitive functions?

    <p>Cerebral Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse?

    <p>They transmit information across the synaptic gap chemically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical term for the region towards the tail end of the body?

    <p>Caudal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) vital for neurons?

    <p>It transports sodium and potassium ions across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic space?

    <p>They are degraded or reabsorbed very quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting potential typically found in an unstimulated neuron?

    <p>-70mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are primarily involved in the chemical activity leading to the action potential?

    <p>Sodium and potassium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hodgkin-Huxley model is primarily concerned with which aspect of neuron function?

    <p>The mathematical description of the action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fundamentals of Neuropsychology

    • The field of neuropsychology studies the relationship between brain structures and functions, specifically focusing on how brain damage impacts behavior

    • Archaeological discoveries show evidence of trephination (drilling holes in skulls) during the Stone Age. Many patients survived the procedure

    • Trephination was often performed after trauma, though not always. A "magical" treatment might be used in this era. Evidence suggests that the procedure was done across locations and for various reasons

    • Ancient Greek philosophers like Heraclitus and Plato debated on the location of the mind.

    • Aristotle believed the mind resided in the heart.

    • Hippocrates believed that the brain was the source of sensations, emotions, and behavior, as was observed with brain damage.

    • Galen of Pergamon (129-199 AD) made significant contributions to brain anatomy, identifying major structures and including ventricles in his theory of brain functioning. He couldn't dissect the brain.

    • Galen's theory of ventricular localization proposed that the mental and spiritual processes take place inside the ventricles of the brain

    • Leonardo da Vinci supported the Ventricular Localization Hypothesis to the level of a "cell doctrine". There were three brain cells and different functions

    • Albertus Magnus (12th century) suggested behavioral results came from combinations of brain structures.

    • Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) produced detailed anatomic drawings that corrected some of Galen's errors.

    • Rene Descartes (1596-1650) proposed Mind-Body Dualism. He believed the mind and body are separate but interacting with each other through the pineal gland.

    • Darwin's materialism proposed that rational behavior can entirely be explained by the functioning of the nervous system

    • Thomas Willis (1621-1675) studied brain blood circulation, identified the Circle of Willis, and attributed functions to areas of the cortex

    • Franz Gall (1758-1828) developed phrenology, a now-discredited theory that linked personality and cognitive traits to the shape and size of the skull. The theory associated different sections with different functions.

    • Johann Spurzheim was a student of Gall and further developed phrenology.

    • Paul Broca (1824-1880) provided crucial findings supporting cortical localization through case studies of patients with language impairments (Broca's aphasia or nonfluent aphasia). Brain damage to the left frontal lobe was associated with motor speech deficits and contralateral paralysis

    • Carl Wernicke (1848-1904) studied a patient with fluent aphasia. A lesion in the left posterior temporal lobe disrupted comprehension of language. This area is now known as Wernicke's area

    • Wernicke's model of language organization

    • Wernicke also predicted a new language disorder called conduction aphasia.

    • Henry Hecaen investigated the functions of the right hemisphere. It has an importance in complex tasks including spatial perception

    • Pierre Flourens challenged localizationist views and supported the equipotentiality theory, arguing the entire brain is involved in most behaviors

    • Karl Lashley proposed the principles of mass action and equipotentiality, emphasizing the role of the whole brain in learning

    • John Hughlings Jackson contributed to localizationist views,

    • Integrated Theories emphasize that behavior is the result of interactions among various neural structures

    • Teuber’s principle of double dissociation

    • Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga studied split-brain patients, demonstrating the different functions of each cerebral hemispheres;

    • David Milner and Melvyn Goodale suggested separate ventral and dorsal visual streams

    • Different techniques help to stain tissue and produce a view of different cells

    • Ramon Y Cajal identified neurons as distinct elements

    • Hebb's theory of neural plasticity proposed that neurons that fire together wire together.

    • The concept of cell assemblies

    • Arthur Benton developed tests that are widely used today.

    • Luria's functional model proposed that different areas play distinct roles which are linked together like a system to produce behavior

    • The enlargement of the human brain is associated with adaptation, dietary and environmental shifts and increased complexity of foraging and socializing

    • A number of hypotheses of neoteny are offered, such as a lessened need for physiological and behavioral maturation given abundant resources.

    • Wilder Penfield used electrical stimulation to map brain areas during surgery.

    • The terms "neuropsychology", Cognitive Neuroscience were developed and refined

    • The brain continues to change through life

    • Brain structure and function

    • The nervous system

    The Nervous System

    • The nervous system is a complex network of billions of neurons that sends and receives electrical and chemical signals. Consists of both peripheral and central nervous systems
    • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord
    • The PNS consists of nerves throughout the body
    • The PNS has 2 divisions: Somatic and Autonomic. Autonomic further has sympathetic and parasympathetic components
      • Autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions (heart rate, respiration, digestion, etc). The Sympathetic nervous system is active during times of stress and preparation or "fight-or-flight". The Parasympathetic nervous system is active during times of relaxation and energy conservation.
    • The Somatic nervous system carries sensory information to the CNS and motor information from the CNS to muscles and glands. This is involved with voluntary movements of the body.

    Brain Organization

    • Basic Brain structure including the Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain
    • The cerebrum is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
    • Each lobe has specialized functions

    Important Terminology and Structure

    • Directional terms such as superior, inferior, medial, and lateral. Anterior and posterior. Dorsal/ Posterior, Ventral / Anterior

    • Anatomical planes including transverse, frontal and sagittal

    • The Meninges are layers of tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord

    • The presence of CSF helps protect the brain and spinal cord.

    • Structures and functions of major brain areas - Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Midbrain, Cerebellum, and Medulla Oblongata and Cranial nerves.

    Neuro-Histology techniques

    • Techniques for examining tissues, such as staining techniques for Golgi, Nissl, and myelins.

    Electrical Scanning

    • Methods to record electrical activity such as EEG and evoked potential recordings
    • Also, types of EEG recordings such as delta, theta, alpha
    • Techniques such as pneumoencephalography and CT scans
      • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
    • Techniques for studying specific neural circuits are also described and depicted
    • Additional tests such as WADA testing and neuropsychology tests are described in other sections

    Brain and Behavior

    • The text examines multiple aspects of brain structure and function, and how they relate to behavior. The history of the field of neuropsychology and how it developed are examined, as well as the biological systems.

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    Neuro NEP Unit 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the factors influencing brain size and development throughout an individual's life. Explore significant historical beliefs and theories related to brain function, including contributions from notable figures in neuroscience. This quiz covers essential topics from brain anatomy to psychological theories.

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