Neuroscience Chapter on Brain Development

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pattern of dendritic branching parallels the pattern of neuronal migration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pruning occurs after synaptogenesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampal pruning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pattern completion (retrieval of complete memories) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental enrichment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged hippocampus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of neurotrophins in the hippocampus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The encroachment of adjacent brain regions into an area that has lost function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance plasticity and flexibility during a crucial developmental period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It challenged the previously held belief that neurons are only generated during embryonic development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amygdala (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glial cells guide neuroblasts from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be involved in learning and memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental enrichment and exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurogenesis and experience-induced cortical reorganization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes indirectly influence the speed of axonal transmission by regulating the thickness and width of the myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possible enhancement of working memory and long-term memory, specifically in task-specific situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly initiating action potentials in neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is limited evidence supporting the use of brain training for recovering from brain damage, requiring further research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes collaborate in regulating transmission speed by modulating the myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes provide structural support and modulate neuronal activity, contributing to the overall function of the nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes indirectly influence neuronal firing by regulating the speed of axonal transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescents value rewards more than adults in decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overall thinning of the cortex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced sensitivity to dopamine and oxytocin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They seek peer approval and enhance social bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gradual process of adaptive changes and new learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phase of physical awkwardness due to brain development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an essential time of identity crises. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to repeat a previously successful behavior even when it is no longer appropriate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that infants lack the cognitive capacity to inhibit inappropriate responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient is unable to adjust their behavior to the changing context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unutilized neural pathways and synapses eventually disappear, leading to a reduction in brain function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated that the development of the frontal lobe is critical for cognitive flexibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instructive experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain is most susceptible to environmental influences during this time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing the brain structure of animals reared in the dark. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency to repeat a previously learned response, even when it is no longer appropriate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants demonstrate an inability to inhibit a previously learned response, suggesting limitations in cognitive flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated that infant monkeys exhibit perseveration, suggesting a developing prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assesses the ability to learn and adapt to changing rules, which is a function of the frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unused neural pathways are pruned, emphasizing the importance of early stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A time window during which specific experiences have a profound and lasting impact on neural development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A child being taught specific skills through structured lessons, such as reading or math (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raising animals in a dark environment and comparing their visual cortex to those raised in normal lighting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental enrichment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expansion of one sensory map into another sensory map (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phantom limb sensations in amputees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing therapies for phantom limb pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regressive changes (pruning) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating emotions and controlling impulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is closely linked to the development of sensory processing abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelination and functional development occur simultaneously, with a close correlation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoiesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescents value potential rewards more highly than potential risks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gradual but significant remodeling of brain structure and function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sensitivity to oxytocin, contributing to heightened empathy and social bonding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The corpus callosum, connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic pruning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discovery of neurogenesis in adult songbirds by Fernando Nottebohm in 1983. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce new stem cells and neuroblasts, which migrate to the olfactory bulb and differentiate into interneurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To contribute to learning and memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased myelination throughout the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting as guides and scaffolding for the migrating cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the brain's ability to adapt and learn in response to new experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blindfolding both eyes of a ferret led to accelerated cortical degeneration compared to blindfolding one eye. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal ganglion axons were found to connect to the medial geniculate nucleus, which is typically associated with auditory processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis, or programmed cell death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The barn owls developed a spatial shift in both their visual and auditory cortices, suggesting a close link between these sensory systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct regulation of the size and shape of neurons through specific molecular pathways, independent of experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to an increase in the speed and efficiency of information transmission within the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescents exhibit an increased tendency for novelty-seeking and risk-taking behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant increase in white matter volume due to the myelination of axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that impulsivity in adolescence is not solely driven by brain development, but may also be influenced by other factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Failure to inhibit original learned response that becomes inappropriate.

A cognitive error where infants search for an object in the location it's expected rather than where it was last hidden.

Brain region important for decision-making and cognitive flexibility.

A test to evaluate frontal lobe function by requiring rule adaptation.

An experience that allows exploration and learning without strict rules.

An experience designed to teach specific skills or knowledge.

A specific time during development when the brain is especially receptive to learning certain skills.

A phase in development when an organism is more susceptible to certain stimuli.

The growth and changes in the brain that occur after birth.

The process where neurons grow more dendrites, essential for communication.

The formation of synapses between neurons, peaking shortly after birth.

The process of insulating nerve fibers to enhance signal speed; continues into adolescence.

Periods of synaptic pruning where unused connections are eliminated.

Mental skills that help with managing tasks and controlling impulses.

Temporary storage used to hold information while performing a task.

The ability of the brain to change its structure and connections, enhancing plasticity.

Development of neural connections during adolescence that impacts future cognitive abilities.

The process where new neurons are formed in the adult brain, challenging prior beliefs about neurodevelopment.

Researcher known for discovering neurogenesis in adult songbirds in the early 1980s.

Region in the brain where neural stem cells divide, producing new neurons for smell processing.

A region in the hippocampus thought to generate new neurons involved in learning and memory.

External factors like complex environments or exercise that promote neurogenesis and brain health.

The process by which electrical signals are transmitted along the axon of a neuron to communicate with other neurons.

The process where synapses that are frequently used become stronger, enhancing communication between neurons.

The overall reduction in the thickness of the cortex, often observed during brain development.

The strengthening of neural connections between the frontal and temporal lobes, important for various cognitive functions.

The tendency of adolescents to pursue new experiences and learn from them.

The impact that peers have on an individual's behavior, choices, and social skills during adolescence.

Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors during adolescence, affecting reward and motivation.

The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain, particularly in adulthood.

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that enhance the creation of new neurons, including hormones and physical activity.

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections in response to experiences.

Alterations in brain structure and function that occur as a result of learning and experience.

The promising applications of cortical changes, such as rehabilitation after injury.

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

Star-shaped glial cells that support neurons and modulate communication.

Glial cells that produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Gaps in myelin sheath that facilitate rapid nerve signal transmission.

A fatty layer that insulates axons and speeds up electrical signals.

Evidence suggests working memory may improve in healthy adults but can be task-specific.

The decrease in cognitive abilities, particularly in aging.

Proteins that promote the survival and growth of neurons.

The brain doubles in volume after birth, indicating growth.

The PFC is the last brain region to mature, developing into late adolescence.

Synapse formation peaks shortly after birth, especially in visual and auditory areas.

Myelination occurs in sensory areas first, followed by motor areas and PFC development.

Higher cognitive skills that develop alongside PFC growth, aiding in impulse control and planning.

A condition where babies are born with cataracts in both eyes, affecting vision.

Blindfolding both eyes leads to overall cortical degeneration, while one eye speeds up the process.

Ferrets with altered inputs have their auditory cortex organized like the visual cortex due to experience.

Barn owls raised with visual prisms show spatial shifts in both visual and auditory cortex development.

Disturbances in optic nerve before eye opening disrupt visual orientation in ferrets.

Children trained in music show expansion in the area of auditory cortex responsible for complex tones.

During ages 12-25, the brain undergoes massive changes, including axonal branching and pruning.

Adolescents exhibit high sensitivity to peer influence, affecting behavior and decision-making.

The ability to adapt thoughts and actions to new information or changing environments.

Research showing developmental differences in error types between infants and adult primates.

The rate at which electrical signals travel along axons, enhanced in development.

The process where unnecessary dendrites are eliminated for more efficient communication.

Progressive thickening of this brain region, enhancing communication between both hemispheres.

Adolescents often overestimate risk yet engage in risk-taking, valuing rewards highly.

How peers affect adolescent behavior, promoting social skills and competition.

Increased sensitivity to dopamine and oxytocin during adolescence influencing behavior and relationships.

Stem cells in the dentate gyrus produce transit amplifying cells that develop into immature neurons.

Processes including forming new memories, updating memories, and regulating mood and anxiety in adults.

In the olfactory bulb, neural stem cells produce new neurons crucial for smell processing.

Cells that derive from neural stem cells and eventually mature into neurons.

The brain's restructuring in response to experiences, forming new neural connections.

The adult brain’s capability to reorganize and adapt its functions based on experiences.