Neuroscience of Pain Perception and CSF

<p>A point where a stimulus is perceived as pain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carry efferent fibers for motor control from the cortex to the brainstem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral aqueduct (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tegmentum near the hypothalamus and third ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkinesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a shock absorber, cushioning the brain from impact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act as one-way valves to allow CSF absorption into the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choroid plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arachnoid villi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral Cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing the most intense sense of euphoria among the opioid neuropeptides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>κ Receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they are upregulated in the nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sudden, temporary disruption of brain function caused by abnormal electrical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have two types: Methionine-enkephalin and Leucine-enkephalin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased respiratory rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting transmission of pain impulses in the nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warmth Application (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single seizure lasting for more than 30 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved cognitive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abrupt discontinuation of antiseizure medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apolipoprotein E allele 4 (apoE4) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased brain weight and volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is caused by mutations in a single gene located on chromosome 21. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory aids and strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain imaging of structure and metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic susceptibility tests for PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They accumulate and form plaques that disrupt nerve impulse transmission and lead to neuron death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a strong brain stem reflex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyloric obstruction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain death involves irreversible damage to the entire brain, while cerebral brain death only affects the cerebral hemispheres. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High CO2 levels indicate that the respiratory center in the brainstem is not functioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual is functioning at the highest level of consciousness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are complex reflex motor responses integrated in the lower brainstem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conscious awareness of pain generated by the brain's systems.

Identifies presence, character, location, and intensity of pain via the somatosensory cortex.

Determines emotional responses and avoidance behaviors related to pain.

Influences pain perception based on learned behaviors and thoughts.

The point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful; generally consistent among individuals.

Efferent fibers connecting cortex to brainstem via corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontocerebellar tracts.

A canal that carries CSF between the 3rd and 4th ventricles, obstruction leads to hydrocephalus.

Functions regulated by the hypothalamus in the midbrain, essential for homeostasis.

Condition where a person cannot move or speak due to damage near hypothalamus and third ventricle.

Clear fluid that protects CNS structures, provides buoyancy, and cushions against shocks.

Protrusions that act as one-way valves, directing CSF outflow into blood and preventing blood leakage.

Condition caused by CSF obstruction, leading to excessive accumulation in ventricles.

Neurologic syndrome marked by tremors, rigidity, and postural instability due to basal ganglia degeneration.

The degree to which an individual is awake and aware of themselves and their environment.

Changes in consciousness that may indicate improvement or worsening medical conditions.

Vomiting is a reflex response linked to certain central nervous system injuries.

Involved in controlling vital responses like vomiting; affected by various CNS conditions.

Irreversible loss of all brain activity, including the brainstem and cerebellum, non-recoverable state.

Condition where individual shows no signs of awareness but may have sleep-wake cycles.

Condition of no spontaneous breathing even with elevated CO2 levels, indicating brain function loss.

Double vision may accompany injuries affecting vestibular nuclei and can trigger vomiting.

Family of morphine-like neuropeptides that inhibit pain transmission.

The most prevalent endogenous opioids, concentrated in brain regions.

Endogenous morphine that provides substantial pain relief and a sense of exhilaration.

Most potent endogenous neurohormones that can both impede and incite pain.

Potent analgesic effects related to pain relief, GI function, and inflammation.

The body's adaptation to pain, which can vary with sensitivity.

Methods such as hypnosis, warmth, and distraction that can reduce pain perception.

Receptors that endogenous opioids bind to, affecting various body systems.

Build-up of toxic amyloid beta fragments leading to neural damage.

Clumps of amyloid beta that disrupt nerve function.

Genetic risk factor that impairs amyloid beta clearance in Alzheimer's.

A rare, inherited form of Alzheimer's linked to specific genetic mutations.

Made by ruling out other causes and assessing clinical history and symptoms.

Medications used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's by enhancing neurotransmitter function.

Blocks glutamate activity to slow progression of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.

Tests used to screen for early-onset Alzheimer's by identifying mutations.

A transient alteration of brain function caused by an explosion of cerebral neurons.

A state of continuous seizures lasting more than 5 minutes, or rapidly recurring seizures without recovery.

Loss of consciousness, apnea, hypoxia, acidosis, and potential brain injury.

Often due to abrupt stopping of antiseizure medications or inadequate treatment of seizure disorders.

Can result in neuronal death, injury, and alteration of neuronal networks over time.