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Questions and Answers
What does EEG primarily measure?
What does EEG primarily measure?
Electrocorticography (ECoG) uses surface electrodes to record brain activity.
Electrocorticography (ECoG) uses surface electrodes to record brain activity.
False
Name one application of functional MRI (fMRI).
Name one application of functional MRI (fMRI).
Assessing brain activity during tasks.
EEG is often referred to as measuring '________' in the brain.
EEG is often referred to as measuring '________' in the brain.
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Which frequency band is primarily associated with deep sleep?
Which frequency band is primarily associated with deep sleep?
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Match the following MRI components with their functions:
Match the following MRI components with their functions:
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The International 10-20 system is used for electrode placement in EEG.
The International 10-20 system is used for electrode placement in EEG.
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What is an action potential?
What is an action potential?
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What device is used to measure respiration rate and volume?
What device is used to measure respiration rate and volume?
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Pulse oximetry is a method used to measure blood pressure.
Pulse oximetry is a method used to measure blood pressure.
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Name the device that measures skin conductance.
Name the device that measures skin conductance.
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The device used to measure blood pressure is called a ______.
The device used to measure blood pressure is called a ______.
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How does a pulse oximeter measure blood volume changes?
How does a pulse oximeter measure blood volume changes?
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Match the devices with their corresponding physiological measurements:
Match the devices with their corresponding physiological measurements:
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A pupillometer is used to assess blood pressure.
A pupillometer is used to assess blood pressure.
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What is typically the device used for measuring skin temperature?
What is typically the device used for measuring skin temperature?
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Which brain region is NOT typically associated with happiness, according to research on fMRI?
Which brain region is NOT typically associated with happiness, according to research on fMRI?
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Neurofeedback only helps individuals with conditions such as ADHD and anxiety.
Neurofeedback only helps individuals with conditions such as ADHD and anxiety.
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What physiological responses can fear and anxiety trigger?
What physiological responses can fear and anxiety trigger?
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Real-time fMRI allows a person to watch and regulate the ______ signal from his or her own brain.
Real-time fMRI allows a person to watch and regulate the ______ signal from his or her own brain.
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Match the emotional state with its physiological effect:
Match the emotional state with its physiological effect:
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Which of the following statements about fMRI is true?
Which of the following statements about fMRI is true?
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What is the primary goal of neurofeedback training?
What is the primary goal of neurofeedback training?
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Neurofeedback training can provide a person with data regarding their brain activity.
Neurofeedback training can provide a person with data regarding their brain activity.
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Study Notes
BM402: Engineering in Medicine
- Course offered on October 10, 2024, at M 2170 - South Campus
- Tentative course outline includes:
- Introduction to Engineering in Medicine
- Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing (e.g., EEG, ECG, pulse oximeters)
- Medical Imaging I - Introduction to Imaging Modalities (e.g., X-ray, CT, PET)
- Medical Imaging II – MRI and Multimodal Imaging (e.g., EEG-fMRI, PET-MRI)
- Rehabilitation Technologies and Neurofeedback
- Midterm
Today's Schedule
- Classification of animals/brains
- Anatomy of the brain
- Brain function and physiology
- Measures of physiology
Classification of Animals (Brains)
- All animals respond to internal/external environment changes to survive.
- They have evolved cells sensitive to stimuli like light and sound.
- Sensory cells are connected to other cells that move or change the organism's state in response to the stimulus.
- Invertebrates (e.g., worms) have a distributed nervous system, a loose network of reactive fibers throughout the body, containing ganglia (small masses of nerves).
Primitive Nervous System
- The simplest invertebrate nervous system, like in hydra (a tiny aquatic invertebrate), has a loose network of sensory cells with clumps of interconnected cells called ganglia.
Earthworm Brain
- The earthworm has a crude brain (cerebral ganglion) connected to a ventral nerve cord running its length.
- Nerve fibers extend into each segment, coordinating muscle contractions for movement in response to stimuli.
Vertebrate Brain
- Vertebrate brains are well-developed and highly interconnected.
- The central nervous system is connected to the rest of the body by the peripheral nervous system (fibers to and from sensory organs).
- The "reptilian brain" consists of nuclei above the brainstem, responsible for arousal, sensation, and reactions to stimuli.
- Mammalian brains have the limbic system and cerebral cortex, which are not found in other vertebrates.
- Specific examples (fish, amphibians, reptiles) have varying brain size and complexity based on their needs, including their main functions like smell and coordinating movement/balance.
Mammal Brains
- Mammalian brains have evolved the cortex, which has varying sizes across species.
- The size and density of the cortex, particularly the frontal lobe, responsible for complex thought, conscious judgment, and self-reflection, distinguish human brains from others.
Hominid Brains
- Hominid (modern humans and ancestors) brains have experienced significant evolutionary changes from their near relatives, such as chimpanzees and gorillas.
- A key difference lies in the size and density of the cortex and particularly of the frontal lobe, which is responsible for sophisticated thought and conscious processes.
Mammal Brains (continued)
- Birds' brains are similar to those of reptiles; however, the cerebellum is highly developed for controlling balance and position in flight, though smell is often poorer.
- In mammals, the cerebellum is relatively smaller compared to the forebrain, allowing larger volume of wrinkled cortex within the skull.
- Human brains are completely dominated by the cerebrum with a highly folded cortex. Cerebellum remains large and active for complex motor activities.
Human Brain (True or False)
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- The average brain weighs approximately 1.4 kg. (True)
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- The brain is attached to the skull. (False)
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- There are six lobes in each hemisphere. (False; each hemisphere has four lobes.)
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- The brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid. (True)
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- Neurons are the basic brain cells.(True)
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- The brain communicates via chemicals. (True)
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- Each lobe of the brain has specific functions. (True)
Human Brain
- Human brain anatomy is complex and hidden, controlling thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger, and other body processes.
- The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS).
- Gray matter, darker, outer portion, contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. White matter, lighter, inner portion, consists of axons connecting different parts of gray matter.
Main Parts of the Brain and Functions
- The brain is divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
- The hindbrain includes the upper part of the spinal cord, brain stem, and wrinkled cerebellum, which controls vital functions like respiration and heart rate.
- The midbrain, uppermost part of the brainstem, is involved in reflexes and processing visual and auditory signals.
- The forebrain, the largest part, contains the cerebrum and associated structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and the limbic system.
- The cerebrum/cortex is divided into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- CSF is a clear, colorless fluid found within the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates.
- Main functions include protection, nourishment, and waste removal.
Overview (10 minutes)
- The course included several topics, like breathing, sensory integration, vision, judgment, swallowing, language, recognition of printed words, balance, control of emotional response, attention, hearing, touch perception, coordination, memory acquisition, and categorization.
Measures of Physiology & Devices (continued)
- Respiration rate and volume (RVT), using Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) belt.
- Pulse oximetry and photoplethysmography (PPG), using Pulse Oximeter.
- Blood pressure, using Sphygmomanometer.
- Galvanic skin response (GSR) or skin conductance, using GSR sensor.
- Pupillometry, using Pupillometer or eye camera.
- Temperature, using thermometer or skin temperature sensor.
MRI
- MRI uses a strong magnetic field to induce changes in proton spin, and to obtain imaging signals by manipulating the strength of the magnetic field with changing gradients.
- Functional MRI (fMRI) applications of MRI and fMRI technique, uses deoxyhemoglobin that's paramagnetic.
- EEG applications.
- Multimodal Imaging.
MRI: Anatomical/Functional Scan
- Shows the structure of the brain.
- Functional scans visualize the brain's activity using BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) techniques; this technique detects the variations in deoxy/oxy-hemoglobin in response to neural activity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: MRI
- MRI scanners use a Tesla (T) unit to measure the strength of their magnets.
- The Earth's magnetic field is much weaker than the strength of an MRI.
- MRI scanners can use various magnetic field strengths in medical settings.
Installation of 11.7T
- The installation of a 11.7T MRI machine involves significant tasks and logistics, including the specialized cooling and support structures required for its operation.
How MRI Works
- The process of using different magnetic fields to create an image. How hydrogen protons within body tissues respond to varied magnetic fields and radio waves.
Fourier Transform
- The Fourier Transform is a mathematical technique to convert electrical signals into a viewable image.
Converting from k-space to Image Space
- In image space, the basic sampling unit is distance, while in k-space it's spatial frequency
- The center of k-space provides low-spatial frequency information.
- The periphery of k-space provides high spatial frequency information.
First MRI Image
- The first MR image of the human body was viewed by individuals studying the medical use of MRI.
MRI Basics
- Rabi used a strong magnetic field to measure spin properties in nuclei.
- MRI scanners use the magnetic field to induce changes to proton spin.
- MRI scanners have similar coil systems to obtain magnetic signals.
- Lauterbur manipulated magnetic field strength to generate images.
- Most clinical MRIs used in clinics are 1.5T or 3T.
MRI Hardware
- Static magnetic fields and gradient coils with conductive sheets are key components for MRI scans.
- These coils produce secondary magnetic fields that slightly distort the main magnetic field.
- The primary function of these gradients is to allow spatial encoding of the MR signal.
- Computerized systems, the specific task, and physiological monitoring equipment are needed for accurate scans.
- RF coils are antennas used to excite and receive signals from excited protons in the body.
MRI Image Contrast (T1, T2, T2*)
- T1 and T2 are fixed properties within tissues at a specific magnetic field strength.
- T2* also depends on magnetic field inhomogeneities.
fMRI and BOLD Technique
- Image contrast in (fMRI) BOLD is determined by the relative concentrations of deoxy- and oxy-hemoglobin in reaction to neural activity.
- Deoxyhemoglobin is paramagnetic influencing T2 and T2* values thereby changing the signal.
Background: The Birth of Functional Brain Imaging
- Historical development of techniques for recording brain activity changes.
fMRI Terminology
- fMRI experimental data hierarchy, from subjects to sessions to runs to single runs.
- Volume, Slices, Voxel.
fMRI Resting State Experiment
- Visualizations of brain activation during a resting state condition.
fMRI Task Design
- Visualizing brain activation from simple tasks using BOLD signals.
Functional Connectivity
- Examining inter-regional correlations in neuronal variability.
EEG
- Scalp-based recordings of electrical signals that reflects cortical activity.
- Measures of electrical patterns at the surface of the scalp.
- Measures of electrical patterns associated with brain waves.
EEG - Brain Rhythms
- Different patterns of electrical activity measured as brain waves with characteristic frequencies.
- Gamma (various frequencies), Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta bands are associated with particular mental states and activities.
- These patterns are used to interpret brain function and activity.
EEG and Sleep
- EEG recordings during sleep display various stages with characteristic rhythms (delta, theta, alpha) reflecting different states of sleep (e.g., wake, light sleep, deep sleep).
Recording the Electrical Activity of the Brain
- Describes what an action potential, local field potential, and electroencephalogram (EEG) measure.
Postsynaptic Potentials (PSPs)
- Describes what constitutes a postsynaptic potential, including its temporary nature and effects on nerve cells.
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
- Provides information on specific sensory, cognitive, or motor events.
- Averaging techniques over multiple trials helps to isolate the neural responses related to the events of interest.
- Features like positive and negative voltage fluctuations, time-locked to the stimuli, peak latency in milliseconds, and amplitude changes with cognitive demands are explained.
- A technique used for recording and measuring specific brain activity in response to events or stimuli.
Caffeine Effect on P300
- Caffeine's effects on P300 amplitudes and latencies.
Multimodal Imaging (continued)
- Combined use of multiple neuroimaging modalities like EEG and fMRI or multimodal techniques like fMRI and MEG.
Neurofeedback (NFB)
- Operant conditioning techniques to teach self-regulation of brain activity. Methods like EEG-based biofeedback that enables individuals to improve cognitive performance, stress levels, and behavior.
- Techniques for brain training and rehabilitation.
- Applications to particular conditions and tasks such as memory training or improving attention and focus.
- Usage of Neurofeedback in conditions like ADHD or post-injury rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation Engineering
- Application of engineering principles to neurological rehabilitation, particularly for those with brainstem damage.
Case Study (Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI))
- Case study details include the patient profile, relevant injury, and symptoms, including medical interventions and rehabilitation techniques.
- The case study also presents different treatment stages for TBI (Acute and Rehabilitation phases).
- A specific focal point for the therapy was brainstem damage recovery.
Various imaging techniques
- X-ray: used for detecting bone structures
- Mammography: procedure for breast cancer screening
- Computed tomography (CT): a technology that captures multiple X-ray images from different angles to form detailed 3D images.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various neuroscience measurement devices and their applications with this engaging quiz. From EEG to fMRI, you'll explore how these tools assess physiological functions and brain activity. Challenge yourself with matching questions and fill-in-the-blank inquiries!
