Neuroscience: Limbic and Autonomic Systems
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a book by Robert M. Sapolsky?

  • The Power of Habit (correct)
  • The Trouble with Testosterone and Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament
  • A Primate’s Memoir
  • Monkeyluv and Other Essays on Our Lives as Animals

Robert M. Sapolsky's book "Behave" deals primarily with the sociology of human behavior.

False (B)

According to the provided text, who is credited with inspiring Robert M. Sapolsky?

  • John Newton (correct)
  • Mel Konner
  • Lisa
  • Tanya Maiboroda

Which of the following brain regions is NOT part of the limbic system, as described in the text?

<p>Olfactory Bulbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The triune model suggests that evolution added new brain layers without making any changes to the existing layers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the brain region responsible for processing olfactory information in rodents?

<p>Rhinencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition that arises when layer 2 structures are damaged, leading to abnormalities in social behavior, is known as ______ syndrome.

<p>Klüver-Bucy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain structures with their respective functions:

<p>Amygdala = Fear and emotional memory Hippocampus = Spatial memory and learning Septum = Emotional regulation and reward Habenula = Aversive learning and motivation Mammillary bodies = Spatial memory and navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system in primates relies heavily on visual inputs for emotional information.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the ongoing debate about the function of layer 2 structures?

<p>The differences in olfactory processing between rodents and primates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key takeaway from the text regarding the limbic system?

<p>The limbic system is crucial for understanding emotions and their influence on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two parts of the autonomic nervous system are the ______ and the ______.

<p>sympathetic, parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is associated with calming and restorative bodily functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system's axon terminals?

<p>Norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

<p>The PNS promotes calm, vegetative states and slows down heart rate, promotes digestion, and encourages relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT one of the 'four Fs' associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Fortitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nervous system components with their respective functions:

<p>Sympathetic nervous system = Prepares the body for stressful situations Parasympathetic nervous system = Promotes relaxation and digestion Hypothalamus = Regulates hormone release Norepinephrine = Neurotransmitter released by the SNS Acetylcholine = Neurotransmitter released by the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the limbic system indirectly regulate autonomic function and hormone release?

<p>Limbic structures, through the hypothalamus, influence the midbrain and brainstem, which in turn control the autonomic nervous system and hormone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic and hormonal states of the body have no impact on behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Whitman's suicide note requested an autopsy of his brain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the autopsy of Charles Whitman's brain reveal?

<p>A glioblastoma tumor pressing on his amygdala.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary behavior associated with the amygdala, according to experts?

<p>Fear and anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Whitman's history included repeated physical abuse of his wife and a court-martial for physically threatening another soldier, indicating the presence of ______ alongside his neurological issues.

<p>risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain structure with its primary function:

<p>Amygdala = Fear and anxiety Hippocampus = Memory formation Hypothalamus = Hormonal regulation Cerebellum = Motor coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of experiment did researchers conduct to investigate the role of the amygdala in fear?

<p>Researchers used a variety of methods, including lesioning the amygdala, recording neural activity, electrically stimulating it, and manipulating genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ms. Pac-Man experiment, when did the amygdala show increased activity?

<p>As the dot approached the player (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study involving the Ms. Pac-Man game found that the intensity of the shocks did not impact the level of amygdala activation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure sends norepinephrine-releasing projections throughout the brain?

<p>Locus coeruleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amygdala only activates the sympathetic nervous system during fear responses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main roles of the amygdala discussed in the content?

<p>Aggression and fear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) projects to parts of the ______ that initiate the hormonal stress response.

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>It can be influenced by both emotional arousal and physical state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the roles to their respective functions in the nervous system:

<p>Sympathetic nervous system = Prepares the body for action Parasympathetic nervous system = Restores the body to a calm state Hypothalamus = Regulates hormonal response Amygdala = Detects emotional stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

The content suggests that all fear causes aggression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two behaviors are indicated to activate the sympathetic nervous system in male mice?

<p>Sexual behavior and aggressive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurons respond to the tone once it is no longer signaling shock?

<p>BLA neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with damaged amygdalae are less generous in social situations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in social and emotional decision making?

<p>It injects implicit distrust and vigilance into decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

BLA neurons inhibit each other during the process of __________ learning.

<p>fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their roles in social behavior:

<p>Amygdala = Injects distrust into decisions Frontal Cortex = Signals safety BLA Neurons = Respond to fear conditioning Hypothalamic Nuclei = Central to male sexual performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the rejection rates in the Ultimatum Game when individuals with damaged amygdalae receive unfair offers?

<p>Rejection rates remain unchanged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amygdala's role in male sexual motivation is irrelevant to female sexual performance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In emotional decision making, what emotional reaction is often triggered by a lousy offer in the Ultimatum Game?

<p>Anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monkeyluv

A book by Sapolsky discussing our animal nature.

A Primate’s Memoir

Sapolsky's personal reflections and insights on primates.

The Trouble with Testosterone

Examination of testosterone's impact on human behavior.

Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers

Guide to understanding stress and its effects on health.

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Stress and Aging Brain

Study of how stress affects brain aging and neuron death.

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Neurophysiology

The study of the nervous system's physiology and function.

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Animal Behavior

The scientific study of how animals interact with their environment.

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LCSH

Library of Congress Subject Headings used for indexing.

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Limbic System

A brain structure involved in emotion regulation and bodily functions.

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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the 'fight or flight' response.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes calm and vegetative states.

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Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter released by SNS that prepares the body for action.

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Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter released by PNS that promotes calmness and digestion.

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

A hormone released by the adrenal gland during stress, part of SNS activation.

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Hypothalamus

A brain structure that regulates bodily functions and hormone release in response to emotions.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The system controlling involuntary bodily functions, divided into SNS and PNS.

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Triune Model

A framework suggesting that the brain has three evolutionary layers, each serving different functions.

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Rhinencephalon

Another name for the part of the brain primarily responsible for processing odors.

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Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

A condition resulting from damage to the limbic system, leading to changes in social and sexual behaviors.

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Olfactory Inputs

Sense data related to smell that is crucial for emotional processing in animals.

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Amygdala

A key structure in the limbic system associated with emotion regulation.

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Visual Inputs

Data received through sight, which informs the limbic system in primates.

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Emotional Processing

The way the brain interprets emotional stimuli and reactions.

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Glioblastoma Tumor

A type of brain tumor affecting behavior and emotions.

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Aggression and Fear Link

The amygdala is key in both generating aggression and signaling fear.

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Behavioral Signs of Fear

Visible reactions that indicate a person feels afraid.

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Response to Fear Stimuli

The amygdala becomes active when encountering fear-inducing situations.

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Research on Amygdala

Studies involving lesioning, stimulating, or recording neurons in the amygdala.

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Autopsy Request

A request to dissect a body to find underlying issues, such as mental health.

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Whitman's Violence

The behavior of Charles Whitman, potentially influenced by his brain tumor and past trauma.

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Central Amygdala

The core part of the amygdala involved in emotional processing.

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Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST)

A structure that receives projections from the central amygdala and influences stress responses.

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Hormonal Stress Response

A reaction initiated by the hypothalamus that involves hormonal changes during stress.

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Locus Coeruleus

A brain-stem area activated by the amygdala, releasing norepinephrine to alert the brain.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight responses.

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Autonomic Feedback

The body's automatic responses that influence emotional intensity, not the emotion itself.

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Aggression and Sexual Behavior

Both can activate the sympathetic nervous system and influence emotional experiences.

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Fear vs. Aggression

Fear and aggression can coexist but are not always directly linked.

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BLA Neurons Response

Subset of neurons that respond to a tone after conditioning, indicating fear or learning.

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Frontal Cortex Inputs

The frontal cortex contributes feedback to neurons helping to diminish fear responses.

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Ultimatum Game

An economic game investigating fairness, where one player offers a division of money.

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Amygdala Role in Decision Making

The amygdala influences emotional responses, particularly in social decision making.

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Pathological Altruism

Caretaking behavior influenced by a lack of learned vigilance due to BLA damage.

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Vigilance and Distrust

The amygdala learns to inject distrust into social interactions, altering decision-making.

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Sexual Motivation in Males

The amygdala and hypothalamus play a significant role in male sexual motivation but not in females.

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Emotional Decision Trigger

Anger and the desire for punishment can lead to rejection in the Ultimatum Game.

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Study Notes

Limbic System

  • The limbic system is crucial for processing emotions, particularly in response to olfactory (smell) cues in rodents.
  • Primates process emotional information more based on visual input.
  • Lesions to limbic structures can cause Klüver-Bucy syndrome, affecting social and behavioral responses.
  • The limbic system is connected to the hypothalamus, directly affecting autonomic functions like heart rate and hormone release.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is associated with arousal and the "fight or flight" response (fear, fight, flight, sex).
  • The SNS releases norepinephrine, affecting bodily functions throughout the body.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) promotes calm and vegetative states.
  • The PNS releases acetylcholine and oppositely influences the body compared to the SNS.

Amygdala

  • The amygdala is crucial for feelings of fear and anxiety, and is highly involved in generating aggression.
  • Amygdala activity is directly correlated to the perceived intensity of fear-provoking stimuli.
  • Fear triggers activity in the amygdala, which in turn, influences stress hormones and nervous system functions (SNS).
  • The amygdala plays a role in social and emotional decision-making, injecting implicit vigilance and distrust into social interactions.
  • Damage to the amygdala can cause atypical generosity in social interactions (ultimatum game).
  • The amygdala is involved in sexual motivation in males (but not in females).
  • Its projections activate the sympathetic nervous system, influencing emotional intensity.

Frontal Cortex

  • The frontal cortex plays a role in learning that a stimulus no longer represents a threat.
  • The frontal cortex has inputs to parts of the amygdala, which help in recognizing if something is no longer fearful.
  • Emotional arousal in amgydala is not necessarily followed by immediate response, frontal cortex plays a significant role in influencing the potential response further.

Aggression and Fear

  • While the amygdala is involved in both aggression and fear, they are not necessarily intertwined.
  • Arousal from both aggression and sexual motivation activate sympathetic nervous system.
  • Autonomic feedback, such as heart rate, indirectly affects the intensity of felt emotions.

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Related Documents

Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst PDF

Description

Explore the intricate functions of the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system in this quiz. Discover how these systems process emotions, regulate behavior, and control bodily responses. Understand the critical roles of structures like the amygdala and the implications of their dysfunction.

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