Neuroscience: Ion Channels and Chantix Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of K+ ions leaving a neuron?

  • It leads to an action potential.
  • It produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (correct)
  • It prevents calcium ion influx.
  • It causes depolarization.

    • What occurs when Cl- ions enter a neuron?

  • It triggers synaptic transmission.
  • It causes hyperpolarization, contributing to IPSP. (correct)
  • It facilitates the release of neurotransmitters.
  • It results in depolarization of the neuron.

    • How does the flow of K+ ions relate to neuronal activity?

  • K+ leaving the neuron is crucial for generating IPSP. (correct)
  • Increased K+ outflow enhances excitability.
  • K+ flow contributes to action potential generation.
  • Loss of K+ ions decreases neuron conductivity.

    • What is the primary characteristic of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

    <p>It causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions primarily contribute to generating an IPSP in neurons?

    <p>Chloride ions (Cl-) and Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Chantix primarily affect smoking satisfaction?

    <p>It makes smoking less satisfying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Chantix have on nicotine access?

    <p>Blocks access to nicotine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological mechanism does Chantix utilize to reduce withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>Occupies nicotine receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Chantix affect the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>It reduces parasympathetic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of Chantix's action on the body?

    <p>Competition with nicotine for receptor sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances act as agonists for GABA?

    <p>Muscimol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DAT play in neurotransmission?

    <p>Inactivates dopamine by reuptaking it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a synthetic form of an endogenous neurotransmitter?

    <p>GHB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are involved as autoreceptors in dopamine regulation?

    <p>Presynaptic autoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an influx of calcium ions on neurotransmitter synthesis?

    <p>Increases GABA synthesis and glutamate release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an antagonist?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in relation to neurotransmitters?

    <p>Uptake GABA and glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the substance 'date rape' drug have?

    <p>Mimics the sympathetic nervous system effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways indicates the uptake of GABA?

    <p>GAT-3, GABA-T, EAAT-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compounds do endogenous chemicals include?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing nicotine?

    <p>CyP-2A6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do adrenal glands play in relation to ACTH?

    <p>Detect ACTH in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in cholinergic pathways?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of biotransformation on lipid solubility?

    <p>Decreases lipid solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are cholinergic pathways primarily located?

    <p>Basal Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurotrophins primarily influence?

    <p>Neuronal survival and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the septal nuclei synthesize?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the metabolism of chemicals typically completed?

    <p>Via biotransformation and half-lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of hormones in the body?

    <p>Regulate physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does retrograde messaging have on neurotransmitter release?

    <p>It inhibits the release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid is a precursor of AEA?

    <p>Arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the descending inhibition pain gate?

    <p>It helps suppress pain signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters do tricyclic antidepressants primarily block the reuptake of?

    <p>Serotonin and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway becomes desensitized in response to withdrawal and negative affect?

    <p>Reward pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common undesired effect of glutamate receptor treatments?

    <p>Movement disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase?

    <p>Disulfiram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hypofrontality?

    <p>Decrease in executive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition deals with the pharmacological treatment using agonists, such as in the context of addiction?

    <p>Substitution therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does caffeine affect neurodegenerative diseases?

    <p>It protects against multiple conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sleep stages, what characterizes REM sleep?

    <p>Random fast brain activity and vivid dreams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of LSD on neurotransmitter systems?

    <p>It has serotonergic agonist effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychotropic effects are common with the use of barbiturates?

    <p>Anxiolytic and sleep-inducing abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antagonist in relation to a receptor?

    <p>To prevent binding at the receptor site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct outcome of agonist activity?

    <p>Prolonged effects of a neurotransmitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated with smooth muscle contraction?

    <p>Acetylcholine (Ach)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does nicotine have on gastric acid?

    <p>It increases stomach acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is NOT associated with parenteral delivery?

    <p>Oral ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cotinine is primarily considered a metabolite of which substance?

    <p>Nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for involuntary body functions?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of increased intestinal contraction?

    <p>Increased digestive motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes nicotine's impact on health?

    <p>Nicotine increases the risk of addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process is triggered by acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary neurotransmitter found at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is:

    <p>Acetylcholine (Ach)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the body adapt to a habitual activity?

    <p>It strengthens the neuronal pathways associated with that activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the increase in stomach acid levels due to nicotine?

    <p>Stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

    <p>It interferes with oxygen transport in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Exam 3 Study Notes

    • Decreased hippocampal volume in depression is likely due to decreased dendritic branching.
    • Anandamide (AEA) is not stored in vesicles due to its fat solubility.
    • Opioids (like morphine) reduce constipation, not increase.
    • Alcohol affects multiple systems, including glutamate, GABA, opioid, and cannabinoid systems.
    • Dexamethasone, a synthetic cortisol, will decrease blood cortisol levels if there's no threat.
    • Endorphins are the endogenous ligand for the mu opioid receptor, and dynorphins for the kappa opioid receptor.
    • Adding methoxy groups to stimulant drugs can make them entactogens.
    • The fewest CB1 receptors are found in the brain stem.
    • The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests low monoamine neurotransmitters cause depression.
    • Anandamide (AEA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, acting postsynaptically.
    • A standard drink of beer is 12 ounces.
    • Body temperature determines the timing and frequency of REM sleep.
    • Depot binding is when a drug is attached to fat.
    • The brain disease model of addiction proposes that repeated drug use deactivates reward circuitry and activates stress circuitry.
    • Anandamide's precursor is arachidonic acid.
    • "Soldier's disease" is not defined, or related to in text.

    Exam 2 Study Notes

    • Norepinephrine is produced in the locus coeruleus.
    • Barbiturates do not alleviate pain.
    • NMDA receptors do not bind AMPA.
    • Tyrosine is not a precursor to serotonin.
    • Parkinson's Disease involves loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to the striatum.
    • Neurolathyrism is linked to toxic glutamate levels in grass peas.
    • Akathisia is an extrapyramidal symptom.
    • Metrazol is not classified as an anticonvulsant.
    • COMT does not degrade serotonin.
    • Parkinson's Disease cause is unknown.
    • Second-generation antipsychotics are not necessarily preferred by patients.
    • VGLUT is found in presynaptic neurons.
    • Carbidopa prevents peripheral dopamine decarboxylase from converting L-DOPA to dopamine, allowing more L-DOPA to cross the blood-brain barrier.
    • Glutamine synthetase is found in astrocytes.
    • Aripiprazole (Abilify) is a dopamine partial agonist, normalizing dopamine activity, if it is too high or low.
    • Beta-blockers affect norepinephrine.
    • Amphetamine reverses the dopamine transporter (DAT).
    • Neuroleptics do not treat extrapyramidal symptoms.
    • Muscimol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol are GABAa agonists. Picrotoxin and metrazol are GABAa antagonists.

    Further Study Notes

    • Seizures can occur due to a decreased supply of glutamate and an increase in glutamate receptors in response to abrupt cessation of alcohol use.
    • The ideal sleep aid would target multiple chemicals (GABA, orexin, histamine, melatonin), increase somnolence (GABA, adenosine) chemicals, and decrease excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate, acetylcholine) with a short half-life.
    • The perfect antidepressant drug should quickly work for everyone, increase neuroplasticity by stimulating BDNF and glutamate release, and potentially bind to 5-HT2A receptors.
    • Dopamine is not easily transported across the blood-brain barrier.
    • Gabba (gamma-aminobutyric acid) hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous neurochemical.
    • Cocaine and amphetamines are sympathomimetics.
    • Benzodiazepines do not increase the chance of dementia in the elderly
    • Tolerance results from repeated drug use.
    • Mechanisms for tolerance include metabolic tolerance (increased liver enzymes) and cellular (pharmacodynamic) tolerance (altered receptor numbers).
    • Drugs typically act by mimicking or blocking the interaction of neurotransmitters, hormones, or neurotrophins and their receptors.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the physiological effects of ion movement in neurons, focusing on potassium and chloride ions. Additionally, it examines the impact of Chantix on smoking satisfaction and withdrawal symptoms, highlighting its action on the nervous system.

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