Neuroscience: Ion Channels and Chantix Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of K+ ions leaving a neuron?

  • It leads to an action potential.
  • It produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). (correct)
  • It prevents calcium ion influx.
  • It causes depolarization.

What occurs when Cl- ions enter a neuron?

  • It triggers synaptic transmission.
  • It causes hyperpolarization, contributing to IPSP. (correct)
  • It facilitates the release of neurotransmitters.
  • It results in depolarization of the neuron.

How does the flow of K+ ions relate to neuronal activity?

  • K+ leaving the neuron is crucial for generating IPSP. (correct)
  • Increased K+ outflow enhances excitability.
  • K+ flow contributes to action potential generation.
  • Loss of K+ ions decreases neuron conductivity.

What is the primary characteristic of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

<p>It causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions primarily contribute to generating an IPSP in neurons?

<p>Chloride ions (Cl-) and Potassium ions (K+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Chantix primarily affect smoking satisfaction?

<p>It makes smoking less satisfying. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Chantix have on nicotine access?

<p>Blocks access to nicotine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism does Chantix utilize to reduce withdrawal symptoms?

<p>Occupies nicotine receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Chantix affect the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>It reduces parasympathetic activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Chantix's action on the body?

<p>Competition with nicotine for receptor sites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances act as agonists for GABA?

<p>Muscimol (A), Benzodiazepines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DAT play in neurotransmission?

<p>Inactivates dopamine by reuptaking it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a synthetic form of an endogenous neurotransmitter?

<p>GHB (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are involved as autoreceptors in dopamine regulation?

<p>Presynaptic autoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an influx of calcium ions on neurotransmitter synthesis?

<p>Increases GABA synthesis and glutamate release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an antagonist?

<p>Benzodiazepines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of astrocytes in relation to neurotransmitters?

<p>Uptake GABA and glutamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the substance 'date rape' drug have?

<p>Mimics the sympathetic nervous system effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways indicates the uptake of GABA?

<p>GAT-3, GABA-T, EAAT-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds do endogenous chemicals include?

<p>Neurotransmitters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for metabolizing nicotine?

<p>CyP-2A6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do adrenal glands play in relation to ACTH?

<p>Detect ACTH in blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is synthesized in cholinergic pathways?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of biotransformation on lipid solubility?

<p>Decreases lipid solubility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are cholinergic pathways primarily located?

<p>Basal Forebrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do neurotrophins primarily influence?

<p>Neuronal survival and growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the septal nuclei synthesize?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the metabolism of chemicals typically completed?

<p>Via biotransformation and half-lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of hormones in the body?

<p>Regulate physiological processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does retrograde messaging have on neurotransmitter release?

<p>It inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid is a precursor of AEA?

<p>Arachidonic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the descending inhibition pain gate?

<p>It helps suppress pain signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters do tricyclic antidepressants primarily block the reuptake of?

<p>Serotonin and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway becomes desensitized in response to withdrawal and negative affect?

<p>Reward pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common undesired effect of glutamate receptor treatments?

<p>Movement disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase?

<p>Disulfiram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hypofrontality?

<p>Decrease in executive functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition deals with the pharmacological treatment using agonists, such as in the context of addiction?

<p>Substitution therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does caffeine affect neurodegenerative diseases?

<p>It protects against multiple conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sleep stages, what characterizes REM sleep?

<p>Random fast brain activity and vivid dreams. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of LSD on neurotransmitter systems?

<p>It has serotonergic agonist effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychotropic effects are common with the use of barbiturates?

<p>Anxiolytic and sleep-inducing abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an antagonist in relation to a receptor?

<p>To prevent binding at the receptor site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct outcome of agonist activity?

<p>Prolonged effects of a neurotransmitter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with smooth muscle contraction?

<p>Acetylcholine (Ach) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does nicotine have on gastric acid?

<p>It increases stomach acid production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is NOT associated with parenteral delivery?

<p>Oral ingestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cotinine is primarily considered a metabolite of which substance?

<p>Nicotine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for involuntary body functions?

<p>Autonomic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely consequence of increased intestinal contraction?

<p>Increased digestive motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes nicotine's impact on health?

<p>Nicotine increases the risk of addiction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process is triggered by acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>Muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary neurotransmitter found at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is:

<p>Acetylcholine (Ach) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the body adapt to a habitual activity?

<p>It strengthens the neuronal pathways associated with that activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the increase in stomach acid levels due to nicotine?

<p>Stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

<p>It interferes with oxygen transport in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Agonist for GABA

A substance that mimics or enhances the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter.

Antagonist for GABA

A substance that blocks or reduces the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter.

Dopamine inactivation

The process of removing dopamine from the synapse, often through reuptake into the presynaptic neuron.

GABA synthesis

The creation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a crucial neurotransmitter.

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Glutamate-GABA interaction

Glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter while GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, creating a balance in the nervous system.

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Astrocytes role in neurotransmitter uptake

Astrocytes are brain cells that help clear neurotransmitters like GABA, glutamate, and others from the synaptic cleft.

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Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

A protective barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain's extracellular fluid, limiting what substances can enter the brain.

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Dopamine's role in sympathetic nervous system

Dopamine influences the sympathetic nervous system, a branch of the autonomic nervous system.

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Autoreceptors in dopamine pathway

Dopamine autoreceptors sense dopamine levels in the synapse and regulate dopamine release by the presynaptic terminal.

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GABAergic system

It's the system involving neurotransmitter GABA, which plays a crucial role in the nervous system's inhibitory function.

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Retrograde Message

Inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron.

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REM Sleep & Body Temperature

REM sleep is linked to fluctuating body temperature.

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Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage

A stage in addiction characterized by negative feelings and a desensitized reward pathway.

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Arachidonic Acid and AEA

Arachidonic acid is a precursor to Anandamide (AEA), a fatty acid.

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Analgesic vs. Pain

Analgesics relieve pain (opposite of pain).

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Morphine Treatment

Morphine can be used as a pain reliever, especially in situations requiring swift relief, like combat (military contexts).

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Antagonist vs. Agonist

Antagonists block the action of a neurotransmitter, while agonists enhance its effect.

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Suboxone and Antabuse

Suboxone and Antabuse are used in addiction treatment by replacing addictive substances with different treatments.

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Hypofrontality

Reduced prefrontal cortex activity, often associated with impaired decision-making.

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LSD and Serotonin

LSD works on serotonin systems; causing impaired executive function and decision-making.

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Melatonin and SCN

The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) controls the release of melatonin by the pineal gland.

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Caffeine Protection

Caffeine may decrease risk factors for parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease.

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Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibition

Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase leads to prolonged negative feelings.

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Glutamate and Inhibitory NTs

Treatment of mood disorders can involve targeting glutamate (and other excitatory neurotransmitters) and increasing activity of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA.

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BDNF and Cortisol

Increased BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) level is associated with increased neuro-plasticity, decreased cortisol levels, and decreased inflammation.

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Endogenous Chemicals

Substances produced within the body, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and neurotrophins.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream.

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Neurotrophins

Proteins that support nerve cell survival and growth.

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Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter important for muscle movement and memory.

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Cholinergic Pathways

Brain pathways that utilize acetylcholine.

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Basal Forebrain

Brain region involved in acetylcholine production and memory.

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ChAT

Enzyme synthesizing acetylcholine.

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Adrenal Glands

Glands that release cortisol in response to ACTH.

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Biotransformation

Process of converting a substance for metabolism.

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Chantix effect on smoking

Chantix reduces the satisfaction of smoking by partially blocking nicotine receptors and preventing nicotine access. It also occupies receptors, reducing withdrawal symptoms and lessening cravings.

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Chantix and Parasympathetic Nervous System

Chantix can affect the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions, by reducing saliva production.

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Nicotine receptors

These are specialized receptors in the brain that nicotine binds to, triggering various effects including pleasure and addiction.

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Chantix mechanism

Chantix alters the effects of nicotine by blocking receptors, occupying them, and reducing the satisfaction associated with smoking.

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Withdrawal symptoms

These are unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms that occur when someone stops using a substance they are addicted to. Chantix may reduce these symptoms.

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IPSP

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a type of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. IPSPs are usually caused by the opening of chloride channels, allowing negatively charged chloride ions to flow into the neuron, hyperpolarizing the cell membrane, and making it more difficult for sodium ions to depolarize the membrane to the threshold required for an action potential.

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EPSP

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a type of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential. EPSPs are usually caused by the opening of sodium channels, allowing positively charged sodium ions to flow into the neuron, depolarizing the cell membrane, and bringing it closer to the threshold for an action potential.

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What happens when potassium ions leave the neuron?

When potassium ions (K+) leave a neuron, it leads to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). This is because the loss of positively charged potassium ions makes the neuron's interior more negative, making it more difficult for the neuron to reach the threshold needed for an action potential.

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What happens when chloride ions enter the neuron?

When chloride ions (Cl-) enter a neuron, it also leads to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). This is because the influx of negatively charged chloride ions makes the neuron's interior more negative, making it more difficult for the neuron to reach the threshold needed for action potential.

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What is the key difference between an IPSP and an EPSP?

An IPSP makes a neuron less likely to fire by hyperpolarizing the cell membrane, while an EPSP makes a neuron more likely to fire by depolarizing the cell membrane. The difference boils down to the direction of these changes in membrane potential.

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Antagonist

A substance that blocks or reduces the effects of another substance, like a neurotransmitter, at its receptor site.

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Agonist

A substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a cellular response, mimicking or enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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What does 'EPSP' stand for?

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential. EPSPs are changes in membrane potential that make it more likely for a neuron to fire an action potential.

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What is the role of nicotine?

Nicotine is an agonist for acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, particularly nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAch). It binds to nAch receptors, leading to effects like increased heart rate and alertness.

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Where are nAch receptors found?

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAch) are found in several places, including the brain, neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), and autonomic ganglia.

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What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight-or-flight' response, while the parasympathetic nervous system controls 'rest-and-digest' functions. They work in opposition to maintain balance.

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What is the difference between enteral and parenteral drug administration?

Enteral administration delivers drugs through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, while parenteral administration bypasses the GI tract, using methods like injection, inhalation, or transdermal.

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What is cotinine?

Cotinine is a major metabolite of nicotine, formed after nicotine enters the body. It's used to measure nicotine exposure.

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What does it mean for a substance to be an agonist?

An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a cellular response, often mimicking or enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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What is a presynaptic cell?

A presynaptic cell is the neuron that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse.

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What is the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

ACh is the neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting nerve impulses to muscles at the NMJ, causing muscle contraction.

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What does a 'habit' become?

A habit, through repeated actions, becomes automated and controlled by a circuit in the brain that handles routine behaviors. This circuit is often referred to as the 'autopilot' circuit.

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What is the difference between a neuron and a heuron?

A neuron is a nerve cell, while a 'heuron' is a slang term for a neuron that is excited or stimulated by an EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential).

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What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the body?

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can be deadly. It binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen from being transported to the body's tissues, leading to hypoxia (oxygen deficiency).

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Does nicotine directly cause cancer?

Nicotine itself doesn't directly cause cancer, but it's highly addictive and increases the risk of cancer by promoting inflammation and cellular damage.

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Study Notes

Exam 3 Study Notes

  • Decreased hippocampal volume in depression is likely due to decreased dendritic branching.
  • Anandamide (AEA) is not stored in vesicles due to its fat solubility.
  • Opioids (like morphine) reduce constipation, not increase.
  • Alcohol affects multiple systems, including glutamate, GABA, opioid, and cannabinoid systems.
  • Dexamethasone, a synthetic cortisol, will decrease blood cortisol levels if there's no threat.
  • Endorphins are the endogenous ligand for the mu opioid receptor, and dynorphins for the kappa opioid receptor.
  • Adding methoxy groups to stimulant drugs can make them entactogens.
  • The fewest CB1 receptors are found in the brain stem.
  • The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests low monoamine neurotransmitters cause depression.
  • Anandamide (AEA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, acting postsynaptically.
  • A standard drink of beer is 12 ounces.
  • Body temperature determines the timing and frequency of REM sleep.
  • Depot binding is when a drug is attached to fat.
  • The brain disease model of addiction proposes that repeated drug use deactivates reward circuitry and activates stress circuitry.
  • Anandamide's precursor is arachidonic acid.
  • "Soldier's disease" is not defined, or related to in text.

Exam 2 Study Notes

  • Norepinephrine is produced in the locus coeruleus.
  • Barbiturates do not alleviate pain.
  • NMDA receptors do not bind AMPA.
  • Tyrosine is not a precursor to serotonin.
  • Parkinson's Disease involves loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to the striatum.
  • Neurolathyrism is linked to toxic glutamate levels in grass peas.
  • Akathisia is an extrapyramidal symptom.
  • Metrazol is not classified as an anticonvulsant.
  • COMT does not degrade serotonin.
  • Parkinson's Disease cause is unknown.
  • Second-generation antipsychotics are not necessarily preferred by patients.
  • VGLUT is found in presynaptic neurons.
  • Carbidopa prevents peripheral dopamine decarboxylase from converting L-DOPA to dopamine, allowing more L-DOPA to cross the blood-brain barrier.
  • Glutamine synthetase is found in astrocytes.
  • Aripiprazole (Abilify) is a dopamine partial agonist, normalizing dopamine activity, if it is too high or low.
  • Beta-blockers affect norepinephrine.
  • Amphetamine reverses the dopamine transporter (DAT).
  • Neuroleptics do not treat extrapyramidal symptoms.
  • Muscimol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol are GABAa agonists. Picrotoxin and metrazol are GABAa antagonists.

Further Study Notes

  • Seizures can occur due to a decreased supply of glutamate and an increase in glutamate receptors in response to abrupt cessation of alcohol use.
  • The ideal sleep aid would target multiple chemicals (GABA, orexin, histamine, melatonin), increase somnolence (GABA, adenosine) chemicals, and decrease excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate, acetylcholine) with a short half-life.
  • The perfect antidepressant drug should quickly work for everyone, increase neuroplasticity by stimulating BDNF and glutamate release, and potentially bind to 5-HT2A receptors.
  • Dopamine is not easily transported across the blood-brain barrier.
  • Gabba (gamma-aminobutyric acid) hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous neurochemical.
  • Cocaine and amphetamines are sympathomimetics.
  • Benzodiazepines do not increase the chance of dementia in the elderly
  • Tolerance results from repeated drug use.
  • Mechanisms for tolerance include metabolic tolerance (increased liver enzymes) and cellular (pharmacodynamic) tolerance (altered receptor numbers).
  • Drugs typically act by mimicking or blocking the interaction of neurotransmitters, hormones, or neurotrophins and their receptors.

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Description

This quiz explores the physiological effects of ion movement in neurons, focusing on potassium and chloride ions. Additionally, it examines the impact of Chantix on smoking satisfaction and withdrawal symptoms, highlighting its action on the nervous system.

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