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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the dendrites in a neuron?
- Maintain cell function
- Transmit signals to other neurons
- Integrate and process information
- Receive signals from other neurons (correct)
What type of synapse increases the likelihood of an action potential?
What type of synapse increases the likelihood of an action potential?
- Chemical
- Inhibitory
- Electrical
- Excitatory (correct)
Which part of the brain is involved in movement control and cognition?
Which part of the brain is involved in movement control and cognition?
- Cerebellum
- Cerebral cortex
- Hippocampus
- Basal ganglia (correct)
What is the process by which neurons transmit information?
What is the process by which neurons transmit information?
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What is the term for the rapid transmission of an action potential between nodes of Ranvier?
What is the term for the rapid transmission of an action potential between nodes of Ranvier?
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What is the process by which external stimuli are converted into neural signals?
What is the process by which external stimuli are converted into neural signals?
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Study Notes
Neurons
- Basic building blocks of the nervous system
- Consist of:
- Dendrites: receive signals
- Cell body: contains nucleus and maintains cell function
- Axon: transmits signals
- Types of neurons:
- Sensory neurons: transmit signals from sensory receptors to CNS
- Motor neurons: transmit signals from CNS to muscles or glands
- Interneurons: integrate and process information within CNS
Synapses
- Small gaps between neurons that allow chemical communication
- Process:
- Neurotransmitter release from axon terminal
- Binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on postsynaptic neuron
- Signal transmission and integration
- Types of synapses:
- Excitatory: increase likelihood of action potential
- Inhibitory: decrease likelihood of action potential
- Electrical: direct electrical connection between neurons
Brain Anatomy
- Cerebrum: largest part of brain, divided into:
- Cerebral cortex: outer layer, responsible for sensory perception, thought, and voluntary movement
- Basal ganglia: involved in movement control and cognition
- Hippocampus: plays key role in memory formation
- Cerebellum: coordinates muscle movements and balance
- Brainstem: connects cerebrum to spinal cord, regulates basic functions (breathing, heart rate, etc.)
Nerve Conduction
- Mechanism by which neurons transmit information
- Action potential:
- Depolarization: rapid change in membrane potential
- Repolarization: return to resting state
- Saltatory conduction: rapid transmission of action potential between nodes of Ranvier
- Myelination: insulation of axons by Schwann cells, increases conduction speed
Sensory Processing
- Conversion of external stimuli into neural signals
- Process:
- Transduction: conversion of stimulus into electrical signal
- Transmission: signal transmission to CNS
- Perception: interpretation of signal by brain
- Types of sensory receptors:
- Mechanoreceptors: respond to touch, pressure, and vibration
- Photoreceptors: respond to light (vision)
- Chemoreceptors: respond to chemicals (taste, smell)
- Thermoreceptors: respond to temperature
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