Neuroscience Exam 3 Overview

Structures in the brain that play a key role in movement, cognition, and emotions.

A basal ganglia structure involved in goal-directed actions, memory, and sleep.

A structure in the basal ganglia, crucial for motor functions, like preparing and performing movements.

A basal ganglia structure that controls conscious movement and posture; divided into internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments.

A basal ganglia structure involved in motor control.

A basal ganglia structure that provides dopamine input, affecting movement.

A part of the basal ganglia (caudate + putamen) that receives input from the cortex and substantia nigra.

Information flowing into the basal ganglia from the cortex, primarily via glutamate.

Information leaving the basal ganglia through the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi), targeting inhibitory projections to thalamus.

Internal segment of the globus pallidus, a primary output area of the basal ganglia.

External Segment of the Globus Pallidus, involved in the indirect pathway

A neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in basal ganglia function. Its effects can be excitatory or inhibitory.

A neural pathway that initiates movement by exciting thalamic projections to the cortex, ultimately increasing motor activity.

A neural pathway that inhibits motor activity by suppressing thalamic projections to the cortex.

A brain structure involved in the basal ganglia pathways, sending inhibitory signals to the thalamus, thus refining movement.

A brain region that influences the basal ganglia's direct pathway by releasing dopamine to the striatum, facilitating movement.

A relay station in the brain, receiving signals from the basal ganglia and projecting them to the cortex, crucial for motor control.

A neurochemical that modulates basal ganglia activity, influencing movement through its effects on the direct pathway.

A part of the basal ganglia, receiving input from the cortex and influencing the activity of the basal ganglia pathways.

An excitatory neurotransmitter crucial for communication between the thalamus and cerebral cortex during movement.

An inhibitory neurotransmitter, used in the basal ganglia to refine movement by inhibiting unwanted outputs.

Region of the cortex that directly controls movement.

The brain's outer layer where signals from the basal ganglia are further processed and refined for precise movement.

Part of the basal ganglia that produces dopamine, crucial for movement.

Basal ganglia part sending signals outside the basal ganglia to control eye and head movements.

A neurological disorder causing dopamine depletion in the SNpc.

Refines and coordinates movement signals, crucial for smooth and balanced movement.

Disruption can result in uncoordinated/rough movements, excessive or insufficient, NOT paralysis or weakness.

Crucial role in regulating emotions and behavioral restraint.

Plans and executes voluntary movements.

Part of movement production, interacting with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.

Causes motor symptoms such as tremor at rest, rigidity, slow movement, postural instability, and fenestrated gait.

Coordinates and adjusts voluntary movements, posture, balance, muscle tone, and skilled motor activities. Also involved in learning and remembering motor tasks.

Located in the posterior cranial fossa of the skull.

Two hemispheres separated by a vermis and divided into anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes.

Communicates extensively with the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, processing information about movement and position to refine and correct actions.

Determines the timing, initiation, speed, direction, precision, and required muscle groups for a movement.

Regulates muscle tone and adjusts movements based on proprioceptive input (muscle stretch receptors).

Coordinates the movements of the central body (trunk, head, proximal limbs).

Coordinates movement of the distal limbs (arms, legs, fingers, toes).

Assists in planning and executing skilled movements; the largest part of the cerebellum.

Coordinates and plans limb movements, working with the basal ganglia.

Bounded by the posterolateral fissure, separating it from the flocculonodular lobe.

Molecular, Purkinje, and Granular layers, with distinct cell types and functions.

Controls posture, balance, and coordinates eye movements using vestibular system input.

A deep cerebellar nucleus associated with the vermis.

Contains a part of the vermis (nodule) and two lateral flocculi.

Hemispheric structures involved in coordinating voluntary movements of distal limbs.

Globose and Emboliform nuclei, collectively associated with the intermediate zone.

Associated with the lateral hemispheres, involved in fine motor control.

Connects the cerebellum to the midbrain, primarily carrying efferent pathways.

Connects the cerebellum to the pons and carries mostly afferent signals.

Projects to the vestibular nuclei (in the medulla), involved in balance.

Connects the cerebellum to the medulla, carrying afferent signals from the spinal cord and brainstem.