Neuroscience Exam 3 Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the cerebellum?

Initiating motor activity

Coordinating and adjusting voluntary movement (correct)

Processing sensory information

Regulating heart rate

Which part of the brain is responsible for learning and memory of motor tasks?

Hippocampus

Cerebellum (correct)

Cerebral cortex

Basal ganglia

What structure separates the anterior lobe and posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

Primary fissure (correct)

Cerebral cortex

Vermis

Basal ganglia

Where is the cerebellum located?

At the posterior cranial fossa in the cranial cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the overall role of the cerebellum in motor activity?

It creates motor plans based on current movements and positions. Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter does the thalamus primarily use to project to the motor areas of the cortex?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?

Inhibition of motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which structure sends GABA projections to the thalamus?

Globus Pallidus Internal (GPi) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is modulated by dopamine released from the substantia nigra pars compacta?

Direct pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the basal ganglia pathways as a whole?

Refinement of movement Signup and view all the answers

Where do the signals in the direct pathway begin?

Cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the projection from the globus pallidus internal (GPi) to the thalamus?

GABA projections Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathways are the direct and indirect pathways classified as?

Excitatory and inhibitory pathways Signup and view all the answers

What function does the SNpc serve in relation to the caudate and putamen?

It produces dopamine and sends information back to the striatum. Signup and view all the answers

Which motor symptom is NOT associated with Parkinson's disease?

Full muscle paralysis Signup and view all the answers

How do the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia contribute to motor control?

They refine motor signals from the cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily impacted by the degeneration of SNpc cells in Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine levels Signup and view all the answers

What type of movements result from dysfunction of the basal ganglia?

Uneven and uncoordinated movements Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT attributed to the basal ganglia?

Sensory processing Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is NOT typically affected by lesions in the basal ganglia?

Muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of the cerebral cortex in movement production?

It is involved in planning and executing voluntary movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus is primarily involved in goal-directed activity and cognitive functions like memory and sleep?

Caudate nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the putamen within the basal ganglia?

Motor function preparation and execution Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurotransmitter does the globus pallidus predominantly release?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the globus pallidus is primarily responsible for output to the thalamus?

Globus pallidus internal (GPi) Signup and view all the answers

What type of input do glutamatergic projections provide to the striatum?

Excitatory Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in the function of the basal ganglia, having both excitatory and inhibitory effects?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What role does the substantia nigra play regarding dopamine input in the basal ganglia?

It provides the main source of dopaminergic input. Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the globus pallidus could lead to which of the following conditions?

Movement disorders like tremors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum?

Regulation of muscle tone and adjusting movements Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is the largest part of the cerebellum and is involved in planning and programming skilled movements?

Cerebrocerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe?

Posterolateral fissure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the flocculonodular lobe?

Regulating balance and posture Signup and view all the answers

Which cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum to the midbrain and consists mainly of efferent pathways?

Superior cerebellar peduncle Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cerebellar tonsils play in cerebellar function?

Coordinating voluntary movements of distal limb parts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of input is primarily used by the spinocerebellum for regulating muscle tone?

Proprioceptive input Signup and view all the answers

What does the term vestibulocerebellum refer to in relation to the cerebellum?

Maintaining equilibrium and coordinating eye movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the vermis in the cerebellum?

Coordinates movements of the central body Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating distal limb movements?

Lateral hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the deep cerebellar nuclei and their functions?

Dentate - involved in planning limb movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the granular layer in the cerebellar cortex?

Contains excitatory neurons involved in signal transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cerebellum is primarily composed of the dendrites of Purkinje cells?

Molecular layer Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are the Purkinje cells classified as?

Inhibitory neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus is associated with the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum?

Dentate nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebellum projects upon the vestibular nuclei?

Floccular-nodular lobe Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam 3 Breakdown

Exam 3 will be held on Friday, November 15th at 10:00 AM.
The exam will consist of 40 questions.
The exam duration is 80 minutes.
The exam will cover four topics
Topic 1: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum (10 questions)
Topic 2: Brainstem sensory systems (10 questions)
Topic 3: Lab images (fill-in-the-blank) (10 questions)
Topic 4: Thalamus/Hypothalamus (10 questions)

Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia are masses of grey matter in the telencephalon.
They are a group of subcortical nuclei below the cerebral cortex.
They are responsible for coordinating/regulating voluntary movement.
Learning objectives: discuss function, describe anatomical components, compare input vs. output, and discuss pathways.
Structures: Caudate nuclei, Putamen, Globus pallidus (externus and internus), Subthalamic nucleus, Substantia nigra.
Striatum = caudate nuclei + putamen.
Lentiform=globus pallidus + putamen.
Function: Initial signal from the motor cortex in frontal lobe is modified as it travels to the muscles. Different parts of the basal ganglia amplify or diminish(excite/inhibit) the signal.
Parkinson's and Huntington's disease arise from dysfunction within basal ganglia neurons.
Functions also include emotional and cognitive processing.
The basal ganglia act as an intermediary between higher thought, sensations, and reflexes.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain that translates to "little brain".
Located at the posterior cranial fossa.
Assists in coordinating movement, posture, balance, maintaining muscle tone, and coordinated skilled motor tasks.
Learning Objectives: Identity the lobes, explain functions of each lobe and related fibers/peduncles, describe deep nuclei and functional regions, and discuss layers of cerebellar cortex and related cells.
Cerebellum Anatomy consists of three lobes(anterior, posterior, flocculonodular).
Anterior Lobe: spinocerebellum, responsible for regulation of muscle tone, and adjusting movements through proprioception input.
Posterior Lobe: cerebrocerebellum or pontocerebellum, is the largest part, involved in planning and programming skilled or fine motor movements.
Flocculonodular Lobe: vestibulocerebellum, responsible for maintenance of posture and balance(eye movements).
Cerebellar nuclei- deep gray matter clusters (fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate).
Cerebellar peduncles: bundles of white matter connect the cerebellum to the brainstem, containing both afferent and efferent axons. (superior, middle, and inferior)
Cerebellar cortex- folded into folia, three layers (molecular, purkinje, and granular).

Additional Notes

Specific exam questions are part of the learning material.
GABA, Glutamate, Dopamine are neurotransmitters involved

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Description

Prepare for Exam 3 covering the Basal Ganglia, Brainstem sensory systems, lab images, and Thalamus/Hypothalamus. This comprehensive quiz will help review 40 questions distributed across these four topics, enhancing your understanding of voluntary movement coordination and brain functions.