30 Questions
What is the origin of the motor loop through the basal ganglia?
Excitatory connections from the cortex
What is the role of the direct pathway through the basal ganglia?
Enhance the initiation of desired movements
What effect does cortical activation have on putamen neurons?
Excites putamen neurons
What is the role of neurons in the internal segment of the globus pallidus at rest?
Tonic inhibition of VL
What happens when putamen neurons inhibit GPi neurons?
Release VLo cells from inhibition
What is the effect of VLo activity on the SMA?
Boosts the activity of the SMA
What is the function of the circuit involving VLo and SMA?
Acts as a positive-feedback loop to focus cortical activation onto the SMA
What tends to antagonize the motor functions of the direct pathway?
The complex indirect pathway through the basal ganglia
Which nucleus is excited by axons from the cortex and its projections excite the neurons of the GPi?
Subthalamic nucleus
What does the activation of the indirect pathway by the cortex tend to do to the thalamus?
Inhibit
What is the role of the direct pathway in selecting motor actions?
Facilitates certain motor actions
Which structure is inhibited by cells of the GPe and then inhibits cells of both the GPi and subthalamic nucleus?
GPi
What is the role of the indirect pathway in relation to competing motor programs?
Suppresses competing motor programs
Which pathway tends to facilitate the thalamus and information passing through it?
Direct pathway
What is the most unique feature of the indirect pathway?
GPe and subthalamic nucleus
What tends to antagonize the motor functions of the direct pathway?
The complex indirect pathway through the basal ganglia
Which nucleus is excited by axons from the cortex and its projections excite the neurons of the GPi?
Subthalamic nucleus
What tends to inhibit the thalamus when activated by the cortex?
The indirect pathway
Which pathway may help to select certain motor actions?
The direct pathway
What is inhibited by cells of the GPe, which then inhibit cells of both the GPi and subthalamic nucleus?
GPi
Which neurons does the subthalamic nucleus excite?
GPi neurons
What does the activation of the direct pathway by the cortex tend to facilitate?
Thalamus
What does the indirect pathway simultaneously suppress?
Competing and inappropriate motor programs
What is the origin of the motor loop through the basal ganglia?
Excitatory connections from the cortex
In the direct pathway through the basal ganglia, synapses from cortical cells excite cells in the ________.
Putamen
What is the role of the direct pathway through the basal ganglia?
Enhance the initiation of desired movements
What is the effect of cortical activation on putamen neurons?
Excitation
Neurons in the internal segment of the globus pallidus tonically inhibit which structure?
Ventrolateral nucleus (VLo)
What is the role of the internal segment of the globus pallidus in the motor loop?
Spontaneously active at rest
What is the function of the positive-feedback loop in the circuit?
Focus the activation of widespread cortical areas onto the supplementary motor area
Test your knowledge of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia with this quiz. Explore the motor loop originating from the cortex and the excitatory and inhibitory connections within the basal ganglia.
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