Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of regional specialisation in the cerebral cortex?
What is the term for the deficits in knowing or recognizing faces, resulting from damage to the cortex?
Which part of the brain is responsible for integrating sensory information from the spinal cord and other brain regions?
What is the term for the networks of neurons in the cortex that are distributed across different regions?
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Which artist was known to have prosopagnosia?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic system in the nervous system?
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What was a notable consequence of Phineas Gage's accident?
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What was the outcome of Eduardo Leite's accident?
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What was the purpose of the prefrontal leucotomy procedure?
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What was a common trait observed in patients who underwent prefrontal leucotomy?
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Who is credited with performing the first prefrontal leucotomy?
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What was the outcome of Egas Moniz's work on prefrontal leucotomy?
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What is the primary function of the V4 region in the visual cortex?
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What is a characteristic of the organization of the cortex?
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What is the main function of the default mode network?
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What is the term for the areas of the brain that are active when a person is not focused on the outside world?
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What is the primary function of the dorsal attention network?
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What is the name of the technique used to study the resting state network?
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What is the term for the low-frequency correlations observed in the resting state network?
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Which network is involved in decision-making?
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What is the term for the visual cortex region involved in integrating vision with specific actions?
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How many leucotomy operations were performed in England and Wales between 1942 and 1954?
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What is the primary characteristic of the cerebral cortex, as described by its organization?
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What is the term for the condition in which a person cannot read words seen in the left visual field?
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Which brain region is responsible for integrating sensory information from the spinal cord and other brain regions?
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What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
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What is the term for the 'maps' found in primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?
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What is the term for the phenomenon in which one hemisphere of the brain is dominant over the other?
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What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex in relation to the rest of the nervous system?
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What is the term for the part of the brain that plays a crucial role in motor control and learning?
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Which structure is responsible for integrating basal ganglia and cerebellar output?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for physiological homeostasis?
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What is the primary function of the midbrain?
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Which structure is involved in central pattern generation and coordinated movement?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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Which structure is involved in evaluating and updating metabolic and physiological processes?
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What is the primary function of the thalamus in sensation?
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Which structure is involved in learning and prediction, particularly through error calculation and motor learning?
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What is the primary function of the cortex in terms of output?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Functional Organisation of the Nervous System
- The CNS axis consists of the spinal cord, hindbrain (medulla and pons), midbrain, forebrain (cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus), and autonomic system.
- The lecture is divided into three parts: the cerebral cortex, other brain regions and the spinal cord, and functional integration.
Part 1: The Cerebral Cortex
- Features of cortical organisation:
- Regional specialisation
- Distributed networks
- Asymmetry
- Maps
- Regional specialisation:
- Prefrontal cortex: decision making and executive function
- Parietal cortex: sensation and spatial awareness
- Temporal cortex: hearing and memory
- Occipital cortex: vision
- Distributed networks:
- Networks are not limited to specific regions
- Examples: default mode network, language network
- Asymmetry:
- Different functions are localised to different sides of the brain
- Examples: language (left hemisphere), spatial awareness (right hemisphere)
- Maps:
- Primary visual cortex: maps visual information
- Primary motor cortex: maps motor control
Phineas Gage and Eduardo Leite
- Phineas Gage: a famous case study of a man who suffered a brain injury that affected his personality and decision-making abilities
- Eduardo Leite: a man who had an iron bar pierce his skull and brain, affecting his cognitive abilities
Vision
- Primary visual cortex: processes basic visual information
- Dorsal and ventral streams:
- Dorsal stream: "where" pathway, guides actions towards objects
- Ventral stream: "what" pathway, recognises objects
Language
- Regional specialisation:
- Language is localised to the left hemisphere
- Distributed networks:
- Language network involves multiple brain regions
- Asymmetry:
- Language is typically lateralised to the left hemisphere
- Maps:
- Language areas in the brain are organised topographically
Part 2: Other Brain Regions and the Spinal Cord
- Diencephalon:
- Thalamus: relays sensory information to the cortex
- Hypothalamus: regulates physiological homeostasis
- Midbrain:
- Cranial nerves III, IV: motor control of eye movement
- Dopamine (substantia nigra): involved in reward and motivation
- Cerebellum and hindbrain:
- Cerebellum: coordinates movement and regulates timing
- Pons: relays information to the cerebellum
- Medulla: regulates basic functions such as breathing and swallowing
- Spinal cord:
- Processes sensory information and relays it to the brain
- Regulates reflexes and autonomic functions
Part 3: Functional Integration
- Autonomic nervous system:
- Parasympathetic nervous system: involved in relaxation and digestion
- Sympathetic nervous system: involved in "fight or flight" responses
- Metabolic regulation:
- Hypothalamus: regulates energy metabolism, circadian rhythms, and reproductive behaviour
- Learning and prediction:
- Thalamus: involved in sensory processing and learning
- Cerebellum: involved in motor learning and error calculation
- Basal ganglia: involved in reward and salience processing
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Description
Understand the functional organisation of the central nervous system, including the autonomic system, spinal cord, hindbrain, cerebellum, midbrain, and forebrain, as well as the significance of regions and maps in the cortex.
