Neuroscience Chapter on Neurons and Synapses
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?

  • Impulse generation and transmission
  • Insulation of axons
  • Receptive area for incoming signals
  • Biosynthetic center and focal point for outgrowth (correct)

    • Which statement accurately describes dendrites?

  • They are structures that insulate the axon.
  • They are the main components of myelinated axons in the CNS.
  • They are long, thick extensions that transmit impulses away from the neuron.
  • They convey graded potentials towards the cell body. (correct)

    • What characteristic of the nerve cell body contributes to its amitotic nature?

  • Presence of Nissl bodies
  • Formation of graded potentials
  • Lack of centrioles (correct)
  • Ability to generate action potentials

    • What is true regarding myelinated axons?

    <p>They consist of Schwann cells and nodes of Ranvier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axon hillock is best described as which of the following?

    <p>The site where the impulse is generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between electrical synapses and chemical synapses?

    <p>Electrical synapses correspond to gap junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physiological processes are primarily influenced by electrical synapses in the CNS?

    <p>Arousal from sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neurotransmitters play in chemical synapses?

    <p>They bind to receptors and change postsynaptic membrane permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the synaptic cleft in chemical synapse communication?

    <p>It allows fluid-filled space for neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Ca2+ channels contribute to the process of neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They trigger synaptic vesicles to undergo exocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Mobilizes body systems during activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the autonomic nervous system primarily control?

    <p>Involuntary functions of cardiac and smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fiber type conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle and glands?

    <p>Visceral motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Conserving energy and promoting rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which division of the peripheral nervous system would you classify the motor fibers that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct definition of the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the peripheral nervous system is involved in transmitting sensory information from receptors to the CNS?

    <p>Sensory (afferent) division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle does the autonomic nervous system NOT directly influence?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system’s divisions is correct?

    <p>The sympathetic division mobilizes systems during activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the myelin sheath surrounding axons?

    <p>To protect and insulate the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the movement of substances from the axon terminal toward the cell body?

    <p>Retrograde transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily creates the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the gaps in the myelin sheath that allow axon collaterals to emerge called?

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for generating and transmitting action potentials?

    <p>Axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the myelin sheath influence nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>It increases the speed of transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of axons allows for their varying lengths, which can be as long as 4 feet?

    <p>Uniform diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Nissl bodies primarily composed of?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA and rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurotransmitters when bound to postsynaptic neurons?

    <p>To produce a continuous postsynaptic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the magnitude of postsynaptic potential?

    <p>The duration of neurotransmitter binding to its receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes EPSPs?

    <p>They increase the likelihood of an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of neurotransmitters not being removed from their receptors?

    <p>Prolonged activation of postsynaptic potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanisms contribute to terminating the effects of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Reuptake of neurotransmitters and enzymatic degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of potential would you expect if a neurotransmitter causes hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>Inhibitory postsynaptic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does calcium (Ca2+) play in neurotransmitter release?

    <p>It causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do IPSPs differ from EPSPs?

    <p>IPSPs inhibit the generation of an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stimulus frequency play in action potential generation?

    <p>It reflects how often an action potential can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinct function does the absolute refractory period serve in neuronal communication?

    <p>It prevents any new action potential from forming immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relative refractory period?

    <p>It follows the absolute refractory period and can generate an action potential with a stronger stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do synapses influence neuronal transmission?

    <p>The quantity of synapses directly correlates with the transmission efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural connection primarily occurs at synapses?

    <p>Between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the characteristics of gray matter and white matter differ in the CNS?

    <p>Gray matter contains unsheathed nerve fibers, while white matter is made up of myelinated nerve fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core function of the presynaptic neuron at a synapse?

    <p>To generate and send information to other neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the transmission efficiency if the number of synapses decreases?

    <p>Transmission efficiency may decline, hindering communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the repolarization phase, sodium gates open to restore the internal negativity of the resting neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpolarization occurs when potassium gates remain open, leading to a decreased efflux of K+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the ionic redistribution back to resting conditions after an action potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Threshold is defined as the membrane potential of -70 mV where depolarization becomes self-generating.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Continuous propagation of an action potential occurs along myelinated axons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axons can be branched structures that arise from the axon hillock.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin sheaths are formed exclusively by oligodendrocytes in the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nodes of Ranvier serve as sites where axon collaterals can emerge.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myelin sheath serves to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission by insulating fiber segments.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retrograde movement along axons refers to the direction toward the axon terminal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axons can vary in length from almost absent to over 4 meters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axon hillock is responsible for receiving incoming signals from other neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schwann cells form concentric layers of membrane that create the myelin sheath around axons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microglia are phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Satellite cells are primarily involved in insulating nerve fibers in the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Astrocytes are the least abundant type of neuroglial cell in the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrocytes wrap their processes around multiple nerve fibers to insulate them.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroglia consists of only two types of cells in the nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ependymal cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is destroyed, resulting in scarring known as scleroses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons and neuroglia are the two principal cell types of the nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transmission across the synaptic cleft is primarily an electrical event.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft via diffusion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a critical role in the propagation of action potentials in both electrical and chemical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The postsynaptic membrane's permeability changes can lead to either an excitatory or inhibitory effect.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitter release is facilitated by the influx of Ca2+ ions into the axon terminal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A postsynaptic potential occurs when the receptor specifically allows the entry of Na+ ions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IPSPs can lead to depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuromodulators, unlike neurotransmitters, do not bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The continuous postsynaptic effect of a neurotransmitter indicates that it must be removed from its receptor for normal signal transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EPSPs are associated with the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The termination of neurotransmitter effects involves both degradation and reuptake processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptic cleft provides the primary mechanism for direct electrical communication between neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EPSPs make the postsynaptic membrane less negative, promoting depolarization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IPSPs, or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, decrease a neuron’s likelihood to generate an action potential by increasing its membrane permeability to sodium ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons inside the central nervous system are referred to as tracts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ipsilateral refers to structures located on opposite sides of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The choroid plexus is primarily responsible for the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral nervous system includes collections of nerve fibers called tracts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies located in the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A neuron is characterized as a nerve cell that can generate action potentials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unmyelinated axons have Schwann cells that completely coil around them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multipolar neurons in the CNS are the least abundant type of neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nodes of Ranvier are closely spaced in myelinated fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the depolarization phase, the Na+ gates are closed while K+ gates are opened.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperpolarization occurs when K+ exits the cell, causing the membrane to become less negative than the resting state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory neurons transmit impulses away from the CNS.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sodium-potassium pump restores both the resting electrical and ionic conditions after an action potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nongated ion channels are often opened by specific neurotransmitters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unipolar neurons are primarily found in the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saltatory propagation occurs along unmyelinated axons, resulting in faster action potential transmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Threshold is the critical level of depolarization that typically ranges from -55 to -50 mV.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Action potentials are identical in strength regardless of the stimulus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the peripheral nerves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system only transmits impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Afferent nerves are responsible for carrying sensory inputs to the central nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroglia primarily function to conduct electrical impulses between neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system and is responsible for voluntary movements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visceral sensory fibers transmit impulses from the skin and skeletal muscles to the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integration refers to the process of sensory input being converted into motor output.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The action potential becomes self-generating at a threshold potential of -70 mV.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical synapses ensure bidirectional communication between neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles within the postsynaptic neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ca2+ channels open in the axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron when a nerve impulse arrives.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The absolute refractory period allows a neuron to generate a new action potential regardless of the strength of the stimulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strong stimuli can produce action potentials more frequently than weak stimuli due to changes in synaptic transmission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presynaptic neuron sends information to the postsynaptic neuron through specialized junctions known as synapses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During repolarization, sodium gates remain open while potassium gates close in the relative refractory period.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white matter of the brain is primarily made up of unsheathed nerve fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are capable of generating action potentials only during the relative refractory period.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of synapses can increase with disease, lack of stimulation, or drug use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All types of synaptic connections occur between axons of one neuron and the axons of another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitter receptors can only mediate changes in membrane potential if the neurotransmitter is released in large quantities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EPSP stands for excitatory postsynaptic potential and represents a decrease in the postsynaptic membrane potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IPSP is associated with hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to generate an action potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of neurotransmitter action intensifies when they are not removed from their receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter degradation process is essential for stopping the postsynaptic effect.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium ions play a significant role in the function of postsynaptic receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The binding of neurotransmitters results in the closing of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A continuous postsynaptic effect occurs when neurotransmitters remain bound to their receptors for a prolonged period.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of neuron with its characteristic:

    <p>Multipolar = 1 axon and several dendrites Bipolar = 1 axon and 1 dendrite Unipolar = Single, short process that branches Interneuron = Any neuron between a sensory and motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fiber with its location or characteristic:

    <p>Myelinated fibers = Conduct impulses rapidly Unmyelinated fibers = Conduct impulses slowly Oligodendrocytes = Form myelin sheaths in CNS Schwann cells = Surround multiple axons in PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of ion channel with its description:

    <p>Nongated channels = Always open Chemically gated channels = Open with neurotransmitter binding Voltage-gated channels = Open in response to voltage changes Mechanically gated channels = Open in response to physical deformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the part of the nervous system with its primary function:

    <p>CNS = Integration and coordination of signals PNS = Transmission of signals to and from CNS Sensory neurons = Transmit impulses toward the CNS Motor neurons = Carry impulses toward effector organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following divisions of the nervous system with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Central Nervous System (CNS) = Integrative and control centers Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = Communication lines between CNS and the rest of the body Sensory (afferent) division = Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS Motor (efferent) division = Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of brain matter with its composition:

    <p>White matter = Dense collections of myelinated fibers Gray matter = Mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers Nodes of Ranvier = Gaps in the myelin sheath Axons = Structural components of nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions to their neural components:

    <p>Sensory function = Transmits impulses to the CNS Motor function = Carries impulses to body surface Interneurons = Connect sensory and motor neurons Action potentials = Electrical impulses carried along axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) with their functions:

    <p>Sympathetic division = Mobilizes body systems during activity Parasympathetic division = Conserves energy Visceral motor system = Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac and smooth muscles Somatic motor system = Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of nerve fibers with their respective categories:

    <p>Somatic sensory fiber = Skin sensation Visceral sensory fiber = Stomach sensation Somatic motor fiber = Voluntary control Visceral motor fiber = Involuntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each part of the autonomic nervous system with their specific effects:

    <p>Sympathetic division = Fight or flight response Parasympathetic division = Rest and digest response Vasoconstriction = Increased blood pressure Digestive stimulation = Increased peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ion movement with its effect on the neuron:

    <p>Sodium influx = Depolarization of the neuron Potassium efflux = Repolarization of the neuron Calcium influx = Triggers neurotransmitter release Chloride influx = Causes hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the peripheral nervous system with their definitions:

    <p>Afferent fibers = Conduct signals toward the CNS Efferent fibers = Conduct signals away from the CNS Cranial nerves = Nerves that emerge directly from the brain Spinal nerves = Nerves that emerge from the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the Autonomic Nervous System with their roles:

    <p>Cardiac muscle = Involuntarily controlled by the ANS Smooth muscle = Involuntarily controlled by the ANS Skeletal muscle = Voluntarily controlled Glands = Involuntarily regulated by the ANS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of nervous system reflex with its definition:

    <p>Somatic reflex = Reactions that involve skeletal muscles Autonomic reflex = Reactions that involve involuntary muscles Stretch reflex = Maintains muscle tone Withdrawal reflex = Protective reflex to harmful stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the structure of the nervous system with their descriptions:

    <p>CNS = Includes the brain and spinal cord PNS = Composed of cranial and spinal nerves Efferent division = Carries impulses away from the CNS Afferent division = Carries impulses toward the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding nervous system characteristics:

    <p>Sympathetic division = Prepares the body for action Parasympathetic division = Promotes restful activities Visceral motor system = Controls smooth and cardiac muscles Somatic motor system = Controls voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of signals with their descriptions:

    <p>Graded potentials = Short-lived, local changes in membrane potential Action potentials = Brief reversal of membrane potential that travels long distances Depolarization = Inside of the membrane becomes less negative Hyperpolarization = Inside of the membrane becomes more negative than resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of membrane potential changes with their characteristics:

    <p>Repolarization = Membrane returns to resting potential Depolarization = Triggered by a stimulus causing sodium influx Hyperpolarization = Increased negativity inside the membrane Resting state = Channels are closed, leakage occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics to the signal type they describe:

    <p>Graded potentials = Decrease in intensity with distance Action potentials = Principal means of neural communication Depolarization = Can initiate action potentials if strong enough Hyperpolarization = Inhibits generation of an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events to their role in action potential generation:

    <p>Sodium channels open = Causes depolarization of the membrane Potassium channels open = Facilitates repolarization Threshold reached = Initiates an action potential Resting membrane potential = Occurs before action potential begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of ion movements with their impact on membrane potentials:

    <p>Sodium influx = Results in depolarization Potassium efflux = Contributes to repolarization Chloride influx = Leads to hyperpolarization Calcium influx = Triggers neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements to the correct potential type:

    <p>Graded potentials = Magnitude varies with stimulus strength Action potentials = Do not decrease in strength over distance Repolarization = Restores membrane to its resting state Hyperpolarization = Increases negative charge inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Depolarization = A decrease in membrane potential Repolarization = Return to resting membrane potential Hyperpolarization = An increase in membrane potential negativity Nerve impulse = An action potential in the axon of a neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms to their result on neuron signaling:

    <p>Leakage of ions = Dissipates current quickly in graded potentials Voltage-regulated gates = Control ion channel openings during action potentials Local changes = Characterize graded potentials Action potentials = Spread without decreasing in strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a neuron with their primary functions:

    <p>Dendrites = Receptive regions for receiving signals Axon = Impulse generating and conducting region Cell body = Biosynthetic center and receptive region Axon terminals = Secretory region for neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of myelin sheath with their descriptions:

    <p>Myelin sheath = Whitish, fatty segmented sheath around axons Schwann cell = Cell that forms myelin sheath in the PNS Nodes of Ranvier = Gaps in the myelin sheath Neurilemma = Outermost layer surrounding the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following axonal processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Anterograde transport = Movement towards the axon terminal Retrograde transport = Movement towards the cell body Axon collaterals = Branches that emerge from the axon Action potentials = Signal generated and transmitted by the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to neuronal function with their effects:

    <p>Depolarization = Increased likelihood of action potential generation Hyperpolarization = Decreased likelihood of action potential generation EPSP (Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential) = Brings the neuron closer to threshold IPSP (Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential) = Moves the membrane potential further from threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the neuron with relevant descriptions or characteristics:

    <p>Nucleus = Cell organelle containing genetic material Nissl bodies = Aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons Axon hillock = Region where action potentials are initiated Neurotransmitter = Chemical messenger released at synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of an axon with their roles in neural transmission:

    <p>Axon terminals = Release neurotransmitters Myelin sheath = Insulates the axon and increases transmission speed Node of Ranvier = Facilitates saltatory conduction Schwann cell = Surrounds and supports the axon in the PNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of potentials with their definitions:

    <p>Action potential = All-or-nothing electrical signal along the axon Resting potential = Electrical charge across the neuron's membrane at rest Graded potential = Changes in membrane potential that vary in size Threshold potential = Membrane potential required to trigger an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions of neuronal transport mechanisms with their types:

    <p>Fast transport = Rapid movement of organelles and proteins Slow transport = Movement of cytoskeletal components Anterograde transport = Forward movement of materials towards axon terminal Retrograde transport = Backward movement of materials towards cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of action potential propagation with their descriptions:

    <p>Depolarization = Na+ influx causes the membrane to become less negative. Repolarization = Potassium gates are opened, restoring negativity. Hyperpolarization = Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential. Resting Potential = The state of the neuron when not actively transmitting an impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stimuli with their characteristics:

    <p>Threshold stimulus = Strong enough to trigger an action potential. Subthreshold stimulus = Weak, causing graded potentials but not action potentials. Action potential = Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the neuron. Graded potential = Changes in membrane potential that vary in magnitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components involved in saltatory conduction with their functions:

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier = Points where action potentials are triggered. Myelinated axon = Has insulation that speeds up the signal. Voltage-gated Na+ channels = Open at the nodes to allow Na+ influx. Local current = Depolarizes the adjacent membrane forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of an action potential with the ion movements involved:

    <p>Depolarization phase = Na+ influx through voltage-gated channels. Repolarization phase = K+ efflux leading to restoration of resting potential. Hyperpolarization phase = Sluggish K+ channels remain open. Resting state = Ionic distribution stabilized by the sodium-potassium pump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to axon structure with their definitions:

    <p>Myelin sheath = Insulating layer around the axon. Axon hillock = Initial segment where action potentials are generated. Axon terminals = End points of the axon that communicate with other neurons. Saltatory conduction = Rapid transmission method in myelinated neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of electrical signaling with their corresponding time (ms):

    <p>0 ms = Na+ influx initiating action potential. 2 ms = Local current depolarizing adjacent membrane. 4 ms = Potassium channels opening for repolarization. Constant propagation = Movement of potential along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to ion behavior with their effects on neuron activity:

    <p>Na+ entry = Leads to membrane depolarization. K+ exit = Contributes to membrane repolarization. Hyperpolarization = Increases the negativity; inhibits action potentials. Threshold voltage = Level needed to trigger action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following periods of action potential with their descriptions:

    <p>Absolute Refractory Period = Prevents the neuron from generating another action potential Relative Refractory Period = Stimulus stronger than the original can trigger a new action potential Repolarization Phase = The membrane potential returns towards resting levels Threshold Potential = The level of depolarization needed to initiate action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of synapses with their characteristics:

    <p>Axodendritic = Connection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another Axosomatic = Connection between the axon of one neuron and the cell body of another Chemical Synapse = Involves neurotransmitter release for communication Electrical Synapse = Allows direct ionic communication between adjacent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of neurons with their functions:

    <p>Dendrites = Receive incoming signals from other neurons Axon = Transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body Soma = Contains the nucleus and organelles Synapse = Facilitates communication between adjacent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their corresponding types of neural impulses:

    <p>Action Potential = All-or-none response that propagates along the axon Graded Potential = Variable strength that decays with distance Hyperpolarization = Increases the negativity of the cell interior Depolarization = Reduces the negative charge inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors affecting stimulus intensity with their descriptions:

    <p>Frequency of Impulse Transmission = Indicates the strength of the applied stimulus Magnitude of Action Potentials = Determined by the strength of the stimulus Synaptic Efficiency = Influences how well signals are transmitted between neurons Neuronal Excitability = Refers to how responsive a neuron is to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms associated with the synaptic process:

    <p>Presynaptic Neuron = Sends information across the synapse Postsynaptic Neuron = Receives information from the presynaptic neuron Synaptic Cleft = The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released Axonal Terminals = Branches that form synapses with other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements about neural transmission with their appropriate concept:

    <p>Neural Communication = Occurs primarily at synapses between neurons Gray Matter = Contains non-myelinated nerve fibers White Matter = Composed of myelinated nerve fibers for faster transmission Stimulation Factors = Can be affected by disease or drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events in action potential with their sequence:

    <p>Depolarization = Na+ gates open causing the interior to become more positive Repolarization = K+ gates open allowing potassium to exit the neuron Hyperpolarization = Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential Resting State = The neuron is at its baseline state before action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central sulcus in the brain?

    <p>It divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is primarily responsible for motor function in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Primary motor areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How thick is the cerebral cortex generally measured?

    <p>2-4 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional area of the cerebral cortex integrates diverse information for purposeful action?

    <p>Association areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?

    <p>Transverse cerebral fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron is primarily found in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of gray matter in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Composed of neuron cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sulcus divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?

    <p>Parieto-occipital sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pons in the brainstem?

    <p>Controls the rate and depth of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located above the pons?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures directly facilitates the relay of nerve impulses within the brainstem?

    <p>Pyramidal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure functions as a point of visual processing within the midbrain?

    <p>Superior colliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the mammillary body relative to the pituitary gland?

    <p>Below it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the optic tract connect to the optic chiasma?

    <p>It crosses over at it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle is situated just above the cerebellar peduncles?

    <p>Fourth ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for synthesizing melatonin in the brain?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal root in the spinal cord?

    <p>Conducts sensory impulses to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid within the spinal cord?

    <p>Central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tracts in the spinal cord is primarily responsible for conducting sensory impulses to the brain?

    <p>Fasciculus gracilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Contains the cell bodies of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the meninges?

    <p>They are protective coverings over the spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impulses do the descending tracts of the spinal cord primarily conduct?

    <p>Motor impulses from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is associated with the ventral root of the spinal cord?

    <p>Conduit for motor impulses to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the primarily gray matter structures located in the spinal cord responsible for reflex actions?

    <p>Anterior and posterior horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpora quadrigemina within the midbrain?

    <p>Processing visual and auditory reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure links the lower parts of the brainstem and spinal cord to the higher regions of the brain?

    <p>Cerebral peduncles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical structure is not involved in the formation of the midbrain?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options correctly identifies the composition of the spinal cord?

    <p>Contains both gray and white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the reticular formation within brainstem activities?

    <p>Regulating sleep-wake cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is most closely associated with the processing of sensory information?

    <p>Corpora quadrigemina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is responsible for the passage of cerebrospinal fluid between the third and fourth ventricles?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the inferior colliculus within the midbrain?

    <p>Auditory reflex processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?

    <p>Cerebellar peduncles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus in the diencephalon?

    <p>Serves as a sensory relay station to the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for producing melatonin?

    <p>Pineal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is NOT regulated by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Taste sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the diencephalon is involved in linking the nervous and endocrine systems?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major role of the epithalamus in the brain?

    <p>Forming cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT considered a part of the diencephalon?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the thalamus?

    <p>Sensory impulse reception and channeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the diencephalon is critical for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in maintaining posture?

    <p>It adjusts muscles to automatically maintain posture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cerebellum receive information about body movements?

    <p>From proprioceptors, the inner ear, and feedback from the cerebrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential consequence arises from damage to the cerebellum?

    <p>Incoordination and ataxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is located inferior to the occipital lobes?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>To integrate sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

    <p>Vermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to motor coordination, which function is associated with the cerebellum?

    <p>Cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the cerebellar peduncles?

    <p>Nerve fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum with other parts of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Objectives

    • Describe the divisions of the nervous system and their characteristics.
    • Identify the structures and functions of a typical neuron.
    • Describe the location and function of neuroglia.
    • Describe resting membrane potentials.
    • Discuss the events in the generation and propagation of an action potential.
    • Define the structure and function of a synapse.

    Nervous System

    • The master controlling and communicating system of the body.
    • Functions:
      • Sensory input: stimuli go to the CNS.
      • Integration: interpretation of sensory input.
      • Motor output: response to stimuli coming from the CNS.

    Terminology

    • Input (sensory):
      • Receptors monitor changes.
      • Changes are called stimuli.
      • Information is sent by afferent nerves.
    • Integration:
      • Information is processed.
      • A decision is made about what should be done.
    • Output (motor):
      • Effector organs (muscles or glands) are activated.
      • Effector organs are affected by efferent nerves.

    Organization of the Nervous System

    • Central nervous system (CNS):
      • Brain and spinal cord.
      • Integration and command center.
    • Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
      • Paired spinal and cranial nerves.
      • Carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Two Functional Divisions

      1. Sensory (afferent) division:
      • Somatic sensory fibers carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain.
      • Visceral sensory fibers transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain.
      1. Motor (efferent) division:
      • Carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands).

    Motor Division: Two Main Parts

      1. Somatic Nervous System (voluntary):
      • Carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
      1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (involuntary):
      • Carries impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
    • ANS Division: Two Main Parts
      • Sympathetic
      • Parasympathetic

    Histology of Nerve Tissue

    • The two principal cell types of the nervous system are:
      • Neurons: excitable cells that transmit electrical signals.
      • Neuroglia (glia): cells that surround and wrap neurons (supporting cells).

    Supporting Cells: Neuroglia

    • Neuroglia provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons.
    • Neuroglia segregate and insulate neurons.
    • Neuroglia guide young neurons to the proper connections.
    • Neuroglia promote health and growth.
    • Six types — 4 in the CNS; 2 in the PNS.

    Neuroglia of the CNS

    • Astrocytes:
      • Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells.
      • Maintain blood-brain barrier.
      • Cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and wrap around capillaries.
      • Regulate their permeability.
      • Provide structural framework for the neuron, guide migration of young neurons, and control the chemical environment.
      • Repair damaged neural tissue.
    • Microglia:
      • Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes.
      • Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons.
    • Ependymal cells:
      • Range in shape from squamous to columnar.
      • Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column.
    • Oligodendrocytes:
      • Branched cells.
        • Myelin: wraps of oligodendrocytes processes around nerve fibers, insulating the nerve fibers.
    • Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): (PNS)
      • Myelin: wraps itself around nerve fibers, insulating the nerve fibers.
      • Satellite cells surround neuron cell bodies within the ganglia. Regulate the environment around the neurons.

    Myelin in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems

    • Myelin sheaths are segmented.
    • Myelin sheaths protect axons and electrically insulate fibers from one another.
    • Myelin sheaths increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

    Nodes of Ranvier

    • Gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells.
    • Sites where axon collaterals can emerge.
    • Unmyelinated axons:
      • A Schwann cell surrounds nerve fibers but coiling does not take place.
      • Schwann cells partially enclose 15 or more axons.
      • Conduct nerve impulses slowly.

    Axons of the CNS

    • Both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers are present.
    • Myelin sheaths formed by oligodendrocytes.
    • Nodes of Ranvier are widely spaced.

    Regions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

    • White matter: dense collections of myelinated fibers.
    • Gray matter: mostly soma, dendrites, glial cells, and unmyelinated fibers.

    Structural Classification of Neurons

    • Three types:
      • Multipolar: one axon and several dendrites.
        • Most abundant.
        • Major neurons in the CNS.
      • Bipolar: one axon and one dendrite.
        • Rare (e.g., retinal neurons).
      • Unipolar (pseudounipolar): single, short process that then branches.
        • Peripheral process—more distal branch, often associated with a sensory receptor.
        • Found chiefly in the PNS.

    Neuron Classification

    • Functional:
      • Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses toward the CNS.
      • Motor (efferent) carry impulses toward the body surface.
      • Interneurons (association neurons) any neurons between a sensory and a motor neuron.

    Neurophysiology

    • Neurons are highly irritable.
    • Action potentials (nerve impulses) are electrical impulses carried along the length of axons.
    • Always the same regardless of stimulus.

    Electrical Current and the Body

    • Reflects the flow of ions rather than electrons.
    • Potential exists on either side of membranes when:
      • The number of ions is different across the membrane.
      • The membrane has a resistance to ion flow.

    Role of Ion Channels

    • Types of plasma membrane ion channels:
      • Nongated (leakage channels): always open.
      • Chemically gated channels open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter.
      • Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to membrane potential. Two gates are involved.
      • Mechanically gated channels open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors.

    Electrochemical Gradient

    • Ions flow along their chemical gradient when they move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
    • Ions flow along their electrical gradient when they move toward an area of opposite charge.
    • Electrochemical gradient - the electrical and chemical gradients taken together.

    Resting Membrane Potential (Vm)

    • Equals the difference in charge between inside and outside of the membrane.
    • Polarized (unequal) across the membrane.
      • Ranges from -40 mV to -90 mV in different types of neurons (different if considering all types of cells).
    • The inside of the neuron is negatively charged in relation to the outside.
    • Resting membrane potential is generated by different concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, and protein anions (A-).
    • Ionic differences are the consequence of:
      • Differential permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+.
      • Operation of the sodium-potassium pump.
    • Inside the cell= less sodium & more potassium
    • Outside the cell sodium is balanced by chloride ions
    • Inside the cell (-) charged proteins help balance out the potassium
    • Potassium diffuses out of cell easier than sodium diffuses in, so inside is slightly more (-);
    • This results in an electrical gradient that produces the resting membrane potential.
    • Sodium-potassium pump exports 3 sodium out & brings 2 potassium into the cell to maintain diffusion gradients for potassium & sodium
    • Requires ATP; 1 ATP for each 2K/3Na exchange

    Membrane Potentials: Signals

    • Used to integrate, send, and receive information.
    • Membrane potential changes are produced by changes in membrane permeability to ions and alterations of ion concentrations across the membrane.
    • Types of signals: graded potentials and action potentials.

    Changes in Membrane Potential

    • Changes are caused by three events:
      • Depolarization: the inside of the membrane becomes less negative.
      • Repolarization: the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential.
      • Hyperpolarization: the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential.

    Graded Potentials

    • Short-lived, local changes in membrane potential.
    • Decrease in intensity with distance.
    • Magnitude varies directly with the strength of the stimulus.
    • Depolarization or hyperpolarization.
    • Sufficiently strong graded potentials can initiate action potentials.

    Action Potentials (APs)

    • Brief reversal of membrane potential.
    • Generated by muscle cells and neurons.
    • Do not decrease in strength over distance.
    • Principal means of neural communication.
    • An action potential in the axon of a neuron is a nerve impulse.

    Action Potential: Resting State

    • Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
    • Leakage accounts for small movements of Na+ and K+.
    • Each Na+ channel has two voltage-regulated gates:
      • Activation gates – closed in the resting state.
      • Inactivation gates – open in the resting state.

    Action Potential: Depolarization Phase

    • Na+ permeability increases; membrane potential reverses.
    • Na+ gates are opened; K+ gates are closed.
    • Threshold – a critical level of depolarization (-55 to -50 mV).
    • At threshold, depolarization becomes self-generating.

    Action Potential: Repolarization Phase

    • Sodium inactivation gates close.
    • Membrane permeability to Na+ declines to resting levels.
    • As sodium gates close, voltage-sensitive K+ gates open.
    • K+ exits the cell and internal negativity of the resting neuron is restored.

    Action Potential: Hyperpolarization

    • Potassium gates remain open, causing an excessive efflux of K+.
    • This efflux causes hyperpolarization of the membrane (undershoot).
    • The neuron is insensitive to stimulus and depolarization during this time.

    Action Potential: Role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump

    • Repolarization restores the resting electrical conditions of the neuron.
    • Does not restore resting ionic conditions.
    • Ionic redistribution back to resting conditions is restored by the sodium-potassium pump.

    Phases of the Action Potential

    • 1: resting state
    • 2: depolarization phase
    • 3: repolarization phase
    • 4: hyperpolarization

    Propagation of an Action Potential

    • Continuous propagation (unmyelinated axon).
    • Saltatory propagation (myelinated axon).

    Types of Stimuli

    • Threshold stimulus:
      • Stimulus strong enough to bring the membrane potential to a threshold voltage causing an action potential.
    • Subthreshold stimulus:
      • Weak stimuli that cause depolarization (graded potentials) but not action potentials.

    Coding for Stimulus Intensity

    • Action potentials are an "all-or-none" phenomenon.
    • Strong stimuli can generate an action potential more often than weaker stimuli.
    • The CNS determines stimulus intensity by the frequency of impulse transmission.

    Absolute Refractory Period

    • Time from the opening of the Na+ activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates.
    • Prevents the neuron from generating an action potential.
    • Ensures that each action potential is separate.
    • Enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses.

    Relative Refractory Period

    • Interval following the absolute refractory period.
    • Sodium gates are closed.
    • Potassium gates are open.
    • Repolarization is occurring.
    • Stimulus stronger than the original one can cause a new action potential.

    Synapse

    • The means by which adjacent neurons communicate.
    • Most occur between axons of one neuron and the dendrites of another (axodendritic) or between the axon of one neuron and the cell body of another (axosomatic).
    • Presynaptic neuron is the information sender; postsynaptic neuron is the information receiver.
    • Neurons may have from 1,000 to 10,000 axonal terminals making synapses.

    Gray and White Matter of the CNS

    • The brain and spinal cord receive impulses, process information, and respond with the appropriate action — gray matter of the brain and spinal cord consists of unsheathed nerve fibers (cannot be regenerated if damaged) in the cortex or surface layer. The white matter makes up the internal structure, and consists of myelinated nerve fibers.

    Electrical Synapses

    • Are less common than chemical synapses.
    • Correspond to gap junctions found in other cell types.
    • Very fast propagation of action potentials.
    • Important in the CNS for arousal from sleep, mental attention, emotions and memory, and ion and water homeostasis.

    Chemical Synapses

    • Specialized for the release and reception of neurotransmitters.
    • Typically composed of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
      • Presynaptic neuron contains synaptic vesicles.
      • Receptors are typically located on dendrites and soma of postsynaptic neuron.
    • Synaptic cleft: fluid-filled space separating presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
    • Transmission across the synaptic cleft is a chemical event (as opposed to an electrical one); ensures unidirectional communication between neurons.
    • Nerve impulses reach the axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron and open Ca2+ channels.
    • Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis.
    • Neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing postsynaptic membrane permeability changes. This causes an excitatory or inhibitory effect.

    Termination of Neurotransmitter Effects

    • Neurotransmitter bound to a postsynaptic neuron:
      • Produces a continuous postsynaptic effect.
      • Blocks additional "messages.
      • Must be removed from its receptor.

    Postsynaptic Potentials

    • Neurotransmitter receptors mediate changes in membrane potential according to:
      • The amount of neurotransmitter released.
      • The amount of time the neurotransmitter is bound to receptors.
    • The two types of postsynaptic potentials are:
      • EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials).
      • IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials).

    EPSPs

    • Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

    IPSPs

    • Inhibitory synapses reduce a postsynaptic neuron's ability to generate an AP.
    • Changes membrane permeability to ions, making the inner face of the membrane more (-); making it less likely to "fire."

    Terminology for Quiz

    • Neuron = nerve cell
    • Neuroglia = supporting cell
    • Nerve fiber = long axon
    • Nerve = collection of nerve fibers (axons) in PNS
    • Tract = collections of nerve fibers (axons) in CNS
    • Nucleus = cluster of cell bodies in CNS
    • Ganglia = cluster of cell bodies in PNS
    • New terms:
      • Unilateral: on one side
      • Ipsilateral: on the same side
      • Contralateral: on the opposite side
    • CNS vs PNS
    • Input: sensory: afferent: to brain
    • Output: motor: efferent: from brain

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    Related Documents

    BIOL 111 Fundamentals of the Nervous System PDF
    BIOL 111: Central Nervous System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of neurons, including the roles of the cell body, dendrites, and axons. This quiz also covers the differences between electrical and chemical synapses, the influence of neurotransmitters, and the autonomic nervous system. Challenge yourself to understand the complexities of neural communication.

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