Physio V 3

<p>Afferent information from various body parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaying sensory information to the cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate loss of all spinal functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D1 receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of indirect circuit neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It sends impulses to striatum and through substantia nigra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External globus pallidus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control voluntary movement through inhibition and excitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticular part (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibitory neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral cortex and substantia nigra compact part (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes disinhibition, leading to stimulated movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They send information to the striatum to plan movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes excitation of target neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degeneration of the caudate nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep brain stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakens inhibition of the external globus pallidus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necessity for increased dosage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Masked facial expressions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They specifically activate one motor program while inhibiting similar movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic inheritance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of ability to initiate voluntary movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It weakens activation of striatum neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stooped posture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their loss leads to cognitive inabilities and dementia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete loss of function below the transection site (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase in remaining functional synapses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the suppression of movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot activate the motor cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degeneration of substantia nigra neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of conscious movements due to corticospinal tract damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They initially disappear but later become hyperreflexive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of skeletal muscle tone due to loss of reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They return after some time and may become hyperactive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic nerves T1-L3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonia develops in unaffected muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reestablishment of synaptic connections after an initial loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All spinal reflexes are permanently lost (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood pressure leading to shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become hyperexcitable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Different levels of the nervous system controlling movement. Each plays a specific role.

The spinal cord processes some reflexes and transmits signals between the brain and the body.

Temporary loss of function below the injury of the spinal cord.

These brain parts control basic involuntary functions (reflexes).

Midbrain has roles including movement, eye coordination, and auditory reflexes

The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.

The cerebellum receives sensory information for movement & balance.

The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other functions.

The basal ganglia control movement, planning, and emotional expression.

The striatum consists of the putamen and caudate nucleus.

The globus pallidus has an external and an internal part, connected to the brain's cortex and thalamus and substantia nigra.

The substantia nigra has a compact and reticular part, affecting movement and eye movements.

The direct circuit in basal ganglia stimulates movement by disinhibition.

The cerebral motor cortex, particularly the secondary/tertiary areas, send movement signal to the striatum during movement planning.

Red neurons in the basal ganglia are inhibitory and utilize GABA neurotransmitter.

Blue neurons in the basal ganglia are excitatory and use glutamate neurotransmitter.

Increased excitability of spinal cord neurons after a spinal lesion.

Loss of conscious sensation below the transection.

Loss of conscious movement below the transection.

Loss of reflexes below transection point.

Reflexes become abnormally strong (hyperactive) after spinal shock.

Loss of skeletal muscle tone after a spinal cord injury.

Increased muscle tone, often due to a hyperactive stretch reflex.

Immediate loss of autonomic reflexes after spinal cord injury.

The process of maintaining blood pressure within a desired range by adjusting blood vessel tone. This is impaired after a spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord neurons release more neurotransmitters.

Spinal cord neurons respond more strongly after transection.

Severing of the spinal cord.

Breakdown of the peripheral processes of the transected brain neurons.

Increased excitability of a system.

A neural pathway that excites movement. Substantia nigra activates striatal neurons with D1 receptors, increasing inhibition of the globus pallidus internal segment. This decreases inhibition of the thalamus, which then increases activity in the motor cortex triggering movement.

A neural pathway that has a less direct effect on movement. Substantia nigra (D2 receptors) inhibits striatal neurons involved in the indirect pathway, reducing the inhibition on the subthalamic nucleus. This ultimately leads to greater thalamic inhibition, but the effect is usually more subtle or slower than the direct pathway.

The substantia nigra plays a crucial role in both direct and indirect pathways of movement. It sends signals to striatum neurons, either exciting (D1) or inhibiting (D2) them, depending on the pathway.

The striatum receives input from the substantia nigra and cerebral cortex. It processes these signals using both D1 (direct pathway, excitation) and D2 (indirect pathway, inhibition) dopamine receptors to control pathways related to movement.

The thalamus acts as a crucial relay station. Its activity is controlled by the indirect and direct pathways, and ultimately influences motor cortex activity and initiating the action.

The direct circuit in the basal ganglia helps initiate and execute movement by activating the thalamus, which in turn activates the motor cortex.

The indirect circuit in the basal ganglia suppresses unwanted movements by inhibiting the thalamus, preventing unnecessary motor cortex activation.

Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to an imbalance in basal ganglia activity.

In Parkinson's, the direct circuit is weakened because the substantia nigra's dopamine supply is reduced, leading to decreased thalamus activation and less movement initiation.

In Parkinson's, the indirect circuit is hyperactive due to the lack of dopamine inhibition, leading to increased thalamus suppression and more difficulty initiating movement.

People with Parkinson's struggle to initiate voluntary movement due to the weakened direct circuit and the hyperactive indirect circuit.

Parkinson's causes muscle stiffness because the imbalance in basal ganglia activity makes it harder to control muscle tension.

The tremors associated with Parkinson's are caused by the abnormal activity in the basal ganglia, leading to uncontrolled muscle contractions.

Parkinson's can affect cognitive abilities like memory and thinking due to the role of dopamine in these brain functions.

A hyperkinetic disease characterized by excessive involuntary movements due to degeneration of basal ganglia structures, particularly the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.

Degeneration of the caudate nucleus, a key part of the basal ganglia, is a major feature of Huntington's chorea, contributing to the uncontrolled movements.

Methyl-dopa is a medication used to treat Huntington's chorea by increasing dopamine levels in the body. Dopamine helps to normalize the striatum's activity, improving movement control.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in the brain to modulate activity in the basal ganglia. It can help improve symptoms of Huntington's chorea in later stages.