Neuroscience Chapter: Movement and Action Potentials
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Questions and Answers

What role does the cerebellum play in movement?

  • Regulates loudness detection
  • Controls pain perception
  • Manages neuroprosthetics
  • Ensures movement accuracy (correct)

    • Which system is primarily responsible for balance and spatial orientation?

  • Cerebellum
  • Somatosensory system
  • Motor cortex
  • Vestibular system (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the basal ganglia in the context of movement?

  • Detection of auditory cues
  • Processing of visual inputs
  • Control of reflex actions
  • Force control during voluntary movements (correct)

    • Which part of the brain is crucial for initiating movement?

    <p>Motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for processing pain perception?

    <p>Somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates an action potential in a neuron?

    <p>Membrane potential reaching a threshold of around -55 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the depolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>Influx of sodium ions through voltage-gated channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?

    <p>It transports K⁺ into the cell while removing Na⁺</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of an action potential follows the peak?

    <p>Repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the hyperpolarization phase, the membrane potential reaches which approximate value?

    <p>-80 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the negative resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>Presence of negatively charged proteins inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs at the peak of the action potential?

    <p>Sodium channels become inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the role of ion channels during rest?

    <p>They enable selective movement of ions like K⁺ and Na⁺.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the absolute refractory period?

    <p>No action potential can occur due to inactivated Na⁺ channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes saltatory conduction in myelinated axons?

    <p>It requires the action potential to jump between nodes of Ranvier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do action potentials play in neurotransmitter release?

    <p>They trigger the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the refractory period in neurons?

    <p>To support the recovery of ion channels after activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase is a stronger-than-usual stimulus needed to trigger an action potential?

    <p>Relative refractory period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a consequence of action potentials?

    <p>Inhibiting neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do unmyelinated axons conduct action potentials?

    <p>Through a continuous wave-like fashion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the hyperpolarization of a neuron during the relative refractory period?

    <p>The neuron cannot fire until it depolarizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)?

    <p>Controlling circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and is commonly associated with vivid dreaming?

    <p>REM Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of insomnia?

    <p>Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is primarily responsible for storing facts and events?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of clinical neuroscience?

    <p>Diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the brain and central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT associated with schizophrenia according to the diagnostic criteria?

    <p>Mood disruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does brain plasticity play in learning?

    <p>It enables the brain to adapt to new experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for mood disorders?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive function is primarily associated with the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Planning and executive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

    <p>Mood changes aligned with seasonal light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania?

    <p>Bipolar disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant brain correlate of schizophrenia?

    <p>Enlarged ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes synesthesia?

    <p>The occurrence of one sensory experience triggering another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of disorder includes phobias, panic disorders, and PTSD?

    <p>Anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common long-term effect of a stroke?

    <p>Cognitive impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seizure is classified as focal?

    <p>Seizures that originate in a specific area of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical twins?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option specifically for Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Neuroprotectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly causes traumatic brain injury (TBI) in individuals under 40?

    <p>Blows to the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Formation of neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause of Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Vitamin D deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment for severe depression?

    <p>Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is treated with L-Dopa?

    <p>Parkinson's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) primarily use to treat?

    <p>Severe depression and OCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for refining movement accuracy?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system plays a key role in controlling balance and spatial orientation?

    <p>Vestibular System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the spinal cord in relation to movement?

    <p>Facilitating reflex actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movements?

    <p>Motor Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily associated with interpreting and responding to sensory stimuli?

    <p>Somatosensory System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for anxiety disorders?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is a primary indicator of Major Depression?

    <p>Worthlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known genetic factor linked to schizophrenia?

    <p>Linked to ~300 mutations on 10 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a known cause of neurological disorders?

    <p>Viruses in childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is commonly used in managing mood disorders?

    <p>SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the brain correlates typically associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Enlarged ventricles and thinner cortical regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant developmental factor linked to schizophrenia?

    <p>Excessive pruning of cortical connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of REM sleep?

    <p>It is characterized by muscle paralysis and dreaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions best fits traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

    <p>Symptoms primarily include disorientation and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) primarily affect individuals?

    <p>It is mainly triggered by changes in light exposure during winter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion primarily causes depolarization during an action potential?

    <p>Sodium (Na⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) play in the body?

    <p>It serves as the primary biological clock controlling circadian rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>K⁺ ions exit the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sleep disorder involves episodes of suddenly falling asleep during the day?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does hyperpolarization occur during an action potential?

    <p>After the peak of the action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neural circuits involved in memory?

    <p>To store and retrieve information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump at rest?

    <p>To create a net negative charge inside the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept best describes the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for an action potential to be initiated?

    <p>Membrane potential must reach a threshold of -55 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In disorders like insomnia, which of the following symptoms is most commonly experienced?

    <p>Difficulty in staying asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of lucid dreaming?

    <p>Conscious awareness during the dream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the peak of an action potential?

    <p>Membrane potential reaches +30 mV and Na⁺ channels inactivate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the negative resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>Negatively charged proteins inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stroke is characterized by a blockage obstructing blood flow to the brain?

    <p>Ischemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment for epilepsy?

    <p>Fast-acting GABA agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major pathological feature of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is specifically designed to induce neurogenesis?

    <p>Stem Cell Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated stroke?

    <p>Cognitive impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is generally used to treat Parkinson's disease?

    <p>L-Dopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

    <p>To treat depression and anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an autoimmune response leading to the destruction of myelin in the nervous system?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the absolute refractory period of a neuron?

    <p>Sodium channels are inactivated, preventing any action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do action potentials facilitate communication between neurons?

    <p>By stimulating the release of neurotransmitters at the axon terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the process of saltatory conduction in myelinated axons?

    <p>The impulse jumps between gaps in the myelin sheath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for generating a new action potential during the relative refractory period?

    <p>A stronger-than-normal stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the propagation of action potentials in unmyelinated axons?

    <p>The impulse moves in a wave-like fashion along the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the effects of neurotransmitter release triggered by an action potential?

    <p>It allows for communication with other neurons at the synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does hyperpolarization during the relative refractory period have on neuronal firing?

    <p>It requires a stronger stimulus to trigger another action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does sodium play in the generation of action potentials?

    <p>Sodium channels open, leading to depolarization of the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism contributes to the maintenance of a negative resting membrane potential?

    <p>Efflux of potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the repolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>Potassium ions flow out of the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of an action potential does the membrane potential briefly become more negative than the resting potential?

    <p>Hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

    <p>To actively transport sodium out and potassium into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is associated with the peak of the action potential?

    <p>Inactivation of sodium channels and opening of potassium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus is most likely to trigger the initiation of an action potential?

    <p>A strong sensory stimulus like pressure or light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the absolute refractory period in a neuron?

    <p>No action potential can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in how action potentials propagate in myelinated versus unmyelinated axons?

    <p>Myelinated axons jump between nodes of Ranvier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulus is required during the relative refractory period to trigger another action potential?

    <p>A stronger-than-usual stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does action potential play in communication between neurons?

    <p>It leads to neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly reflects the benefit of saltatory conduction in neurons?

    <p>It accelerates the transmission of signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the axon terminal as a result of an action potential?

    <p>Release of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the hyperpolarization of a neuron?

    <p>Reduced excitability for a short period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for the rapid transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons?

    <p>Saltatory conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most associated with the development of schizophrenia?

    <p>Excessive pruning of cortical connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced in major depression?

    <p>Suicidal ideation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute anxiety disorders from chronic types?

    <p>Duration of the symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for anxiety disorders?

    <p>SSRIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) symptoms?

    <p>Amnesia and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dopamine abnormalities play in psychiatric disorders?

    <p>They contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with mood disorders such as bipolar disorder?

    <p>Alternating periods of depression and mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could contribute to anxiety disorders in relation to environmental influences?

    <p>Chronic exposure to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in movement accuracy?

    <p>It fine-tunes motor activity to improve precision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the auditory system is primarily responsible for processing language and music?

    <p>Auditory cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system integrates and responds to sensory information related to balance?

    <p>Vestibular system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal ganglia in motor control?

    <p>To regulate the intensity and force of movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for mediating reflex actions?

    <p>Spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stroke is characterized by bleeding in the brain?

    <p>Hemorrhagic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for epilepsy characterized by localized seizures?

    <p>Surgical resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment option for neurological disorders aims to stimulate neurogenesis?

    <p>Stem Cell Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s Disease?

    <p>Neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a significant decrease in sensory perception and executive function with age?

    <p>Age-Related Cognitive Loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological treatment is primarily used for managing Parkinson's disease?

    <p>L-Dopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

    <p>Memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substance is often seen with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes REM sleep?

    <p>Rapid eye movements and vivid dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sleep disorder involves excessive daytime sleepiness?

    <p>Hypersomnias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the consolidation of long-term memories?

    <p>Hippocampal formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of cognition is primarily associated with the frontal lobes?

    <p>Executive function and planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is generally considered short-term and limited in capacity?

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological system is involved in regulating emotional memory?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily linked with reduced exposure to natural light during specific seasons?

    <p>Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the cerebellum in relation to movements?

    <p>Enhancing movement accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for spatial awareness and balance?

    <p>Vestibular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in higher-level coordination of skilled movements?

    <p>Motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain perception is primarily processed in which part of the nervous system?

    <p>Somatosensory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the membrane potential of a neuron reaches around -55 mV?

    <p>An action potential is initiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the action potential do sodium channels inactivate?

    <p>Peak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily maintains the resting negative charge inside a neuron?

    <p>Negatively charged proteins inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential?

    <p>The membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is primarily responsible for the depolarization during an action potential?

    <p>Sodium (Na⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events occurs during repolarization?

    <p>K⁺ ions flow out of the neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ion channels play when a neuron is at rest?

    <p>K⁺ ions can leak out while Na⁺ ions remain outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms in the body?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of sleep is primarily associated with vivid dreaming?

    <p>REM Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by excessive sleepiness during the day and can significantly impact daily functioning?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is primarily involved in recalling how to perform tasks, such as riding a bicycle?

    <p>Procedural Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of schizophrenia as defined by the DSM?

    <p>Delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural structure plays a crucial role in emotional regulation and memory formation?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurochemical abnormality linked to schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive function is primarily associated with the ability to plan and organize actions towards achieving goals?

    <p>Executive Functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania?

    <p>Bipolar Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the condition when individuals experience a disorder characterized by the perception of non-existent stimuli, such as seeing colors with numbers?

    <p>Synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of brain function is primarily responsible for the integration of sensory information and higher order cognitive processes?

    <p>Association Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment option for anxiety disorders?

    <p>SSRIs and cognitive-behavioral therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in individuals under 40?

    <p>Blows to the head and accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is linked to prenatal origins and excessive pruning of cortical connections?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is commonly used for severe depression?

    <p>SSRIs and neurogenesis-focused interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential long-term effects of a stroke?

    <p>Cognitive impairments and personality changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seizure is characterized by localized brain activity?

    <p>Simple focal seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common autoimmune disease that leads to myelin loss?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Protein deposits in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a known predisposing factor for Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Genetics and environmental toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of GABA agonists in epilepsy treatment?

    <p>Inhibit excessive neuronal firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option focuses on inducing neurogenesis?

    <p>Stem Cell Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the relative refractory period on neuron firing?

    <p>A stronger-than-normal stimulus is required to trigger action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does saltatory conduction enhance the propagation of action potentials in myelinated axons?

    <p>It causes the impulse to jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding up transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of action potentials in the nervous system?

    <p>They cause the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes unmyelinated axon conduction?

    <p>The impulse travels in a directional manner through continuous conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of neurotransmitters at the axon terminal?

    <p>An action potential arriving at the axon terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of action potentials in neurons?

    <p>They propagate without losing strength along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the neuron during the hyperpolarization phase?

    <p>The neuron requires a stronger-than-normal stimulus to fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in movement coordination?

    <p>It regulates balance and motor learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the somatosensory system contribute to movement?

    <p>By processing proprioceptive information about body position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key function of the basal ganglia in movement control?

    <p>It facilitates the initiation and regulation of movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the spinal cord important for reflexes?

    <p>It serves as a direct pathway for reflex actions without brain involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of auditory processing is primarily associated with the brain's ability to differentiate loudness and location of sounds?

    <p>The pathway for sound localization and intensity tracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates an action potential when a neuron receives a stimulus?

    <p>-55.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of an action potential do voltage-gated sodium channels open?

    <p>Depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?

    <p>It briefly becomes more negative than the resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that maintains the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do negatively charged proteins play in resting membrane potential?

    <p>They contribute to the negative charge inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment for major depression?

    <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic factor is associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Over 300 mutations found on 10 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young adults?

    <p>Blows to the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of bipolar disorder?

    <p>Alternating episodes of depression and mania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychiatric disorder is characterized by symptoms such as worthlessness and suicidal ideation?

    <p>Major Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding anxiety disorders?

    <p>They can be treated effectively with SSRIs and CBT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental factor is associated with schizophrenia?

    <p>Prenatal origins indicating early developmental issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is most associated with vivid dreaming?

    <p>REM Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of insomnia?

    <p>Difficulty falling or staying asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is primarily responsible for the recall of skills and procedures?

    <p>Procedural Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines 'lucid dreaming'?

    <p>Dreaming where one is aware they are dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder includes symptoms such as prolonged periods of excessive sleepiness?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of neuroeconomics primarily examines?

    <p>The decision-making processes and their neural origins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with disruptions in circadian rhythms and can lead to mood changes?

    <p>Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term effect of a stroke?

    <p>Cognitive impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stroke results from a blockage in blood vessels?

    <p>Ischemic stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification best describes generalized seizures?

    <p>Seizures that rapidly spread across both hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an autoimmune disease associated with myelin loss?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles associated with?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for severe depression and has memory loss as a risk?

    <p>Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is commonly used to treat Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>L-Dopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge associated with pharmacological treatments for neurological disorders?

    <p>Severe side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the absolute refractory period of a neuron?

    <p>No action potential can occur because Na⁺ channels are inactivated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the relative refractory period?

    <p>A stronger-than-usual stimulus is needed to trigger another action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does saltatory conduction differ from conduction in unmyelinated axons?

    <p>Impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of action potentials in neurons?

    <p>They trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the axon terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does an impulse travel along myelinated axons?

    <p>By jumping between gaps in the myelin sheath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hyperpolarization have during the relative refractory period?

    <p>It makes it difficult for the neuron to fire again without a stronger stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly reflects the propagation of action potentials in unmyelinated axons?

    <p>It travels without losing strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of action potentials for muscle neurons?

    <p>They trigger the release of neurotransmitters leading to muscle activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Action Potential

    • A rapid, temporary electrical signal traveling along an axon.
    • Allows communication between neurons, muscles, or glands.
    • Involves a transient change in electrical charge across the neuronal membrane.
    • Shifts from a resting negative state (inside the neuron) to a positive state, then back to negative.

    Resting Membrane Potential

    • Inside of a neuron has a negative charge (-70 mV) relative to the outside.
    • Maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and ion channels.
    • Sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in, creating a net negative charge inside.
    • Ion channels allow selective movement of ions (K+ and Na+).
    • Negatively charged proteins inside the neuron contribute to the negative charge.

    Triggering an Action Potential

    • Initiated when the membrane potential reaches a threshold (-55 mV).
    • This membrane potential change is due to stimuli such as signals from other neurons or sensory stimuli (e.g., pressure, light).

    Phases of an Action Potential

    • Depolarization:
      • Voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing Na+ ions to flood into the cell.
      • Influx of Na+ makes the inside of the cell more positive (+30 mV), sharply rising.
    • Peak: The maximum membrane potential.
    • Repolarization:
      • Voltage-gated sodium channels inactivate (close).
      • Potassium (K+) ions flow out of the neuron through open potassium channels.
      • Outflow restores negative charge to the inside of the cell.
    • Hyperpolarization:
      • Potassium channels close slowly.
      • Membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential (-80 mV briefly).
      • Sodium-potassium pump restores the resting potential.

    Refractory Periods

    • Absolute refractory period: The neuron cannot fire again. Na+ channels are inactivated.
    • Relative refractory period: A stronger-than-usual stimulus is needed to trigger another action potential because the membrane is hyperpolarized.

    Propagation of the Action Potential

    • The action potential travels along the axon in a wave-like or saltatory fashion.
    • Unmyelinated axons: Wave-like fashion.
    • Myelinated axons: Saltatory conduction (impulse jumps between Nodes of Ranvier). Speeds up signal transmission considerably.

    Importance of Action Potentials

    • Communication between neurons.
    • Release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
    • Muscle contraction.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of brain structures in movement and the mechanisms of action potentials. This quiz covers key concepts such as the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and the physiological processes involved in neuronal signaling. Challenge yourself with questions that explore balance, pain perception, and the resting membrane potential.

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