Podcast
Questions and Answers
Label the figure with the items provided.
Label the figure with the items provided.
Labeling items
Label the different types of neuronal pools in the figure.
Label the different types of neuronal pools in the figure.
Labeling neuronal pools
Label the glial cells of the CNS.
Label the glial cells of the CNS.
Labeling glial cells
Identify the functional classification of the neurons in the figure, based on the direction the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS.
Identify the functional classification of the neurons in the figure, based on the direction the nerve impulse is traveling relative to the CNS.
Identify the components of a typical neuron.
Identify the components of a typical neuron.
Label the features of a myelinated axon.
Label the features of a myelinated axon.
Label the structures that establish and maintain the resting membrane potential in neurons.
Label the structures that establish and maintain the resting membrane potential in neurons.
Link the definitions to the correct action potential periods.
Link the definitions to the correct action potential periods.
Label the parts of the typical myelinated neuron.
Label the parts of the typical myelinated neuron.
Normally, sodium and potassium leakage channels differ because ___________________.
Normally, sodium and potassium leakage channels differ because ___________________.
Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.
Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.
Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________.
Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential results from the opening of____________________.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential results from the opening of____________________.
Identify (click on) the appropriate graph which represents an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Identify (click on) the appropriate graph which represents an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Indicate the summative effect that brings the initial segment closest to threshold.
Indicate the summative effect that brings the initial segment closest to threshold.
Reducing the time between signals sent from the same presynaptic terminal increases the strength of the graded potential. This is an example of ________________ summation.
Reducing the time between signals sent from the same presynaptic terminal increases the strength of the graded potential. This is an example of ________________ summation.
Substances that cause facilitation of a neuron ____________________________.
Substances that cause facilitation of a neuron ____________________________.
Assume in a laboratory you were able to isolate a neuron and remove the Acetylcholine receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. The substance _________________ would no longer cause facilitation of this neuron.
Assume in a laboratory you were able to isolate a neuron and remove the Acetylcholine receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. The substance _________________ would no longer cause facilitation of this neuron.
If two synapses fired simultaneously, which synaptic combination brings the initial segment closest to threshold based on spatial summation? Click on the appropriate synapses.
If two synapses fired simultaneously, which synaptic combination brings the initial segment closest to threshold based on spatial summation? Click on the appropriate synapses.
When voltage-gated sodium channels are open, sodium flows _____________ the neuron making the inside of the cell more _______________.
When voltage-gated sodium channels are open, sodium flows _____________ the neuron making the inside of the cell more _______________.
The following information best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential: A membrane potential reading of +10 mV, Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels, Open voltage-gated potassium channels.
The following information best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential: A membrane potential reading of +10 mV, Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels, Open voltage-gated potassium channels.
Label each phase of the action potential as identified by the highlighted region of each graph.
Label each phase of the action potential as identified by the highlighted region of each graph.
Action potentials occur ____________________________.
Action potentials occur ____________________________.
Demyelinating diseases cause a(n) ______________ in the conduction velocity of action potentials.
Demyelinating diseases cause a(n) ______________ in the conduction velocity of action potentials.
If demyelination occurs, why don't action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated?
If demyelination occurs, why don't action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated?
At the synaptic knob, voltage-gated ______________ channels open, thereby stimulating the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis.
At the synaptic knob, voltage-gated ______________ channels open, thereby stimulating the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis.
If acetylcholinesterase became mutated and nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?
If acetylcholinesterase became mutated and nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?
If a drug was developed that interfered with the proper functioning of the microtubules found within the axons of neurons, how would you expect this to impact axonal transport processes?
If a drug was developed that interfered with the proper functioning of the microtubules found within the axons of neurons, how would you expect this to impact axonal transport processes?
The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline, resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. What direction describes the axonal transport route taken by this virus?
The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline, resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. What direction describes the axonal transport route taken by this virus?
Indicate the direction of axonal transport by aligning the proper label with each arrow.
Indicate the direction of axonal transport by aligning the proper label with each arrow.
Depolarization of a cell membrane occurs because
Depolarization of a cell membrane occurs because
Depolarization is initiated by a stimulus that makes the membrane potential
Depolarization is initiated by a stimulus that makes the membrane potential
Activation gates in the cell membrane for voltage-gated sodium ion channels open into the
Activation gates in the cell membrane for voltage-gated sodium ion channels open into the
At resting membrane potential, voltage-gated potassium ion channels are open.
At resting membrane potential, voltage-gated potassium ion channels are open.
The cell membrane immediately adjacent to an action potential depolarizes because of
The cell membrane immediately adjacent to an action potential depolarizes because of
What is produced when depolarization of a cell membrane reaches threshold?
What is produced when depolarization of a cell membrane reaches threshold?
The absolute refractory period assures that action potential propagation is
The absolute refractory period assures that action potential propagation is
The inside of the cell membrane becomes negative at the time of an action potential.
The inside of the cell membrane becomes negative at the time of an action potential.
If neurotransmitter from Neuron A causes Neuron B to hyperpolarize, this is an example of an
If neurotransmitter from Neuron A causes Neuron B to hyperpolarize, this is an example of an
Scorpion agitoxin is a neurotoxin that blocks the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels. In the presence of agitoxin, which will occur during an action potential?
Scorpion agitoxin is a neurotoxin that blocks the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels. In the presence of agitoxin, which will occur during an action potential?
Nerve growth factors that stimulate outgrowth of severed axons are secreted by
Nerve growth factors that stimulate outgrowth of severed axons are secreted by
Which part of a neuron contains calcium pumps and channels?
Which part of a neuron contains calcium pumps and channels?
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
What type of neuronal circuit caused this single reaction from the multiple stimuli you experienced?
What type of neuronal circuit caused this single reaction from the multiple stimuli you experienced?
What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
When threshold is reached, depolarization occurs with the same amplitude of potential change. This is known as
When threshold is reached, depolarization occurs with the same amplitude of potential change. This is known as
The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).
The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).
What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal?
What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal?
The fundamental physiological properties that enable nerve cells to communicate with other cells are
The fundamental physiological properties that enable nerve cells to communicate with other cells are
Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.
Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.
Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons.
Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons.
When a neurotransmitter binds a protein channel, it opens and lets sodium diffuse down its concentration gradient. This is an example of a
When a neurotransmitter binds a protein channel, it opens and lets sodium diffuse down its concentration gradient. This is an example of a
When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more
When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more
On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from
On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from
If extracellular calcium was absent, which would likely be true?
If extracellular calcium was absent, which would likely be true?
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
An axon with a large diameter transmits an impulse ____ than an axon with a smaller diameter.
An axon with a large diameter transmits an impulse ____ than an axon with a smaller diameter.
Which of the following characteristics of action potentials can vary?
Which of the following characteristics of action potentials can vary?
Neuronal pools are composed of
Neuronal pools are composed of
Ependymal cells help produce
Ependymal cells help produce
Which glial cell acts as a phagocyte?
Which glial cell acts as a phagocyte?
Which glial cell is starlike in shape and helps form the blood-brain barrier?
Which glial cell is starlike in shape and helps form the blood-brain barrier?
Neurolemmocytes produce myelin in the _____ nervous system.
Neurolemmocytes produce myelin in the _____ nervous system.
The symptoms of MS can come and go. This is because
The symptoms of MS can come and go. This is because
Triggers of acute episodes of MS include
Triggers of acute episodes of MS include
Most researchers believe MS results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One peculiar observation regarding the environment is the fact that the incidence increases as one gets further from the equator.
Most researchers believe MS results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One peculiar observation regarding the environment is the fact that the incidence increases as one gets further from the equator.
Study Notes
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neurons are composed of various components such as dendrites, axons, and synaptic knobs.
- Myelinated axons have specialized features allowing for faster impulse propagation due to saltatory conduction.
- Glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and ependymal cells, each serving unique roles such as forming the blood-brain barrier and producing cerebrospinal fluid.
Action Potential and Membrane Potential
- Action potentials are all-or-none events; they reach a consistent amplitude once the threshold is reached.
- Depolarization occurs when sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the membrane potential more positive.
- The absolute refractory period ensures that action potentials propagate in one direction and prevents immediate repeating signals.
Graded Potentials and Synaptic Transmission
- Graded potentials occur at the receptive segments and result from the opening of ligand-gated channels, varying in amplitude and duration.
- Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) make the membrane potential more positive, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) make it harder to reach the threshold.
- The interaction of multiple synapses can lead to summation effects; temporal summation increases potential strength by sending signals more frequently.
Neurotransmitter Release and Action
- The release of neurotransmitters involves calcium channels opening, allowing calcium ions to enter the synaptic knob, triggering exocytosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
- Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine, preventing excessive stimulation of postsynaptic neurons.
- Disorders affecting microtubules can disrupt axonal transport, affecting neuronal function and neurotransmitter release.
Ion Channels and Membrane Dynamics
- Voltage-gated sodium channels open when the neuron is depolarized; sodium influx amplifies the membrane potential change.
- Potassium channels play a role in repolarization during the action potential after peak depolarization.
- A resting membrane potential of -70 mV indicates a negative interior compared to the exterior, maintained by leakage channels for sodium and potassium.
Neuronal Circuits and Classification
- Neurons can be classified based on the direction of impulses: afferent neurons transmit signals to the CNS, while efferent neurons carry signals away from the CNS.
- Converging circuits process multiple inputs to produce a singular output response, such as reflex actions.
Pathophysiology and Myelin
- Myelin is essential for efficient nerve impulse transmission, produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and neurolemmocytes in the peripheral nervous system.
- Conditions like Multiple Sclerosis arise from loss of myelin, related to environmental factors impacting disease presentation.
- Scorpion agitoxin blocks potassium channels, disrupting repolarization and preventing normal action potential cycling.
Additional Important Concepts
- Large diameter axons transmit impulses faster due to less resistance to ion flow.
- The frequency of action potentials can vary depending on the stimulus strength rather than the action potential's peak amplitude.
- Neuronal pools consist of interneurons, facilitating communication within the nervous system.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of neuroscience concepts with these flashcards from Chapter 12. You'll label various figures related to neuronal pools, glial cells, and functional classifications of neurons. Ideal for students seeking to deepen their understanding of the central nervous system.
