Neuroscience Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary brain vesicle?

  • Rhombencephalon
  • Metencephalon (correct)
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon

    • Which of the following structures is NOT part of the leptomeninges?

  • Dura Mater (correct)
  • Arachnoid
  • Pia Mater
  • None of the above

    • During which embryonic development stage do neural crest cells form?

  • Gastrulation
  • Somitogenesis
  • Neural induction/neurulation (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

    <p>Regulation of blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of nervous system cell?

    <p>Epithelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for carrying sensory information from the body to the spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are glial cells found in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

    <p>Controlling voluntary muscle movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thoraco-lumbar outflow of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Contains the pelvic splanchnic nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Gray matter is located in the center of the spinal cord, surrounded by white matter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is responsible for myelination of axons in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT associated with the cranio-sacral outflow of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>V - Trigeminal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central canal of the spinal cord?

    <p>To contain cerebrospinal fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of the cell bodies of motor neurons?

    <p>In the ventral horn of the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the visceral efferent component of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It innervates smooth muscle and glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system's preganglionic neurons originate from which spinal cord segments?

    <p>S2-S4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the brainstem?

    <p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve(s) carry parasympathetic fibers?

    <p>CN III, VII, IX, X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the arachnoid granulations?

    <p>Allow CSF to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in the coordination of voluntary movements?

    <p>Basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the pons?

    <p>Relays signals between the cerebrum and the cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Fight or flight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?

    <p>Sensory Ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle is directly connected to the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct?

    <p>Fourth Ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Processing visual information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the prechordal plate in embryonic development?

    <p>It induces the development of the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Wnt3 and brachyury in the formation of the primitive streak?

    <p>They induce the formation and anterior extension of the primitive streak. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of gastrulation?

    <p>Formation of the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the notochord in embryonic development?

    <p>It induces the formation of the neural tube and contributes to its dorso-ventral patterning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the primitive streak and the oropharyngeal membrane?

    <p>The primitive streak extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the posterior end of the embryo, but does not reach the anterior end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) in embryonic development?

    <p>It inhibits Wnt3 and brachyury expression, preventing the primitive streak from extending to the future head region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After gastrulation, the remaining epiblast differentiates into various cell types. Which of the following IS NOT one of them?

    <p>Prechordal Plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following most accurately describes the process of neurulation?

    <p>The transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of closure of the cranial neuropore during embryonic development?

    <p>Lamina terminalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT directly connected to the fourth ventricle?

    <p>Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain vesicle develops into the lateral ventricles?

    <p>Telencephalon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in newborns?

    <p>Blockage of the cerebral aqueduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the choroid plexus?

    <p>To produce cerebrospinal fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signaling pathway is blocked by BMP inhibitors in the undifferentiated ectoderm, preventing epidermal fate and allowing neural tissue to form?

    <p>TGF-beta signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following placodes is NOT directly involved in forming sensory ganglia for nerves of the pharyngeal arches?

    <p>Lens placode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During neurulation, which specific structure undergoes an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and delaminates from the neural plate?

    <p>Neural crest cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with parasympathetic ganglia derived from neural crest cells?

    <p>III, VII, IX, and X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure secretes BMP antagonists to induce neural fate in the overlying ectoderm during neurulation?

    <p>Notochord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides contributing to sensory ganglia, what other structures are derived from neural crest cells?

    <p>Muscle and cartilage of the pharyngeal arches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is NOT derived from neural crest cells?

    <p>Osteoblasts that form bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of BMP signaling in neural development?

    <p>BMPs inhibit the formation of neural tissue and promote epidermal fate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basics of the Nervous System

    • Division
    • Types of cells
    • Anatomy

    Early Embryonic Development

    • Gastrulation
    • Somitogenesis
    • Neural induction/neurulation
    • Neural crest cells
    • Neural tube defects

    Development of the Brain Vesicles

    • Development of the Primary Brain Vesicles
    • Development of the Secondary Brain Vesicles

    Nervous System Overview

    • Enclosed by meninges (Dura Mater, Leptomeninges - Arachnoid & Pia Mater)
    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal cord
    • Receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts, and emotions (brain) Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities (spinal cord)
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Sensory ganglia, and Autonomic ganglia
    • Cell body of neurons
    • Somatic nervous system- Controls voluntary movements
    • Autonomic nervous system- Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular epithelium
      • Sympathetic division ("Fight or Flight")- T1 - L2/3
      • Parasympathetic division ("Rest or Digest")- Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4 Pelvic splanchnic nn
    • Gray Matter- Cell body of neurons (within nuclei), Glia cells,
    • White Matter- Axons (tracts), Glia cells

    Cells of the Nervous System

    • Neurons: the main cells of the nervous system (NS), their cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the CNS (central nervous system) and within the ganglia of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
    • Glial Cells:
      • CNS: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia, and Radial Glia cells (embryonic)
      • PNS: Schwann cells (PNS), and Satellite cells (PNS)

    Types of Neurons (Morphological Classification)

    • Bipolar
    • Multipolar
    • Pseudounipolar

    Types of Neurons (Functional Classification)

    • Sensory neuron
    • Interneuron
    • Motor neuron

    The Spinal Cord

    • Ventral horn (Anterior gray column)
    • Dorsal horn (Posterior gray column)
    • Central canal
    • Ventral groove
    • Motor neurons are located in the ventral horn, while sensory neurons are located outside the spinal cord, inside dorsal root ganglia

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Functional components: Somatic afferent (skin, muscle, tendon, joint capsule); Visceral afferent (smooth muscle, glands); Visceral Efferent (autonomic ganglia); Somatic Efferent (skeletal muscles)
    • SA, VA, and SE run the full length of the cord.
    • VE - T1 – L2/3 (Sympathetic)
    • S2 - S4 (Parasympathetic)

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Two efferent neurons in series:
      • Preganglionic neuron (inside CNS)
      • Postganglionic neuron (outside CNS, in autonomic ganglion)

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

    The Brain (Prosencephalon)

    • Telencephalon: Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, coordination of voluntary movements,
    • Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
    • Midbrain (Mesencephalon): Colliculi (visual & auditory processing), Pons (neuron pathways), Cerebellum (motor control), Medulla (many autonomic functions)

    The Brain (Rhombencephalon)

    • Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum
    • Myelencephalon: medulla

    Ventricles of the Brain

    • Spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    • Lateral Ventricles (right and left)
    • Third ventricle
    • Fourth ventricle
    • Passageways connecting internal brain vesicles and subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
    • Communications between CSF-filled spaces and blood-filled dural venous sinuses through arachnoid granulations

    Cranial Nerves

    • 12 pairs (motor/sensory/mixed) Most arise in the brainstem (except CN I & II)
    • Motor: nuclei located in the brain
    • Sensory: neurons located outside the brain (sensory ganglia)
    • Parasympathetic fibers carried along with some cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X)

    Gastrulation

    • Formation of the primitive streak
    • The first epiblast cells to migrate to the primitive streak become endoderm
    • Epiblast cells that migrate further into the primitive streak become mesoderm
    • The remaining epiblast becomes ectoderm

    The primitive streak doesn't reach the most anterior region of the embryo. Why?

    • Wnt3 and Brachyury induce formation and anterior extension of the primitive streak
    • The future head region has a signaling center called Anterior Visceral Endoderm (AVE).
    • AVE blocks Wnt3 and brachyury signaling, preventing cranial expansion of the primitive streak

    Gastrulation and Cell Fates

    • Hypoblastic cells move toward the oropharyngeal membrane, creating the prechordal plate

    Prechordal Plate

    • Location: rostral to notochord, posterior to the oropharyngeal membrane and AVE
    • Function: signaling center that induces brain development

    Notochord

    • Epiblast cells form the notochord along the embryo's midline
    • Forms a midline axis, basis of axial skeleton
    • Induces formation and folding of the neural plate
    • Contributes to dorso-ventral patterning of the neural tube

    After Gastrulation

    • Remaining epiblast cells differentiate into surface ectoderm, neural plate, neural crest cells, and ectodermal placodes (olfactory, nasal, lens, otic, and epiphyrangeal)
    • Placodes assist neural cells in forming sensory ganglia of cranial arches (V-VII-IX-X)

    Neural Induction

    • Notochord secretes BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) antagonists (Chordin, Noggin, Follistatin, and Nodal)
    • These block BMP signaling in the undifferentiated ectoderm, allowing neural tissue to form

    Neurulation

    • Neurogenic factors released by the notochord induce the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate.
    • Neural plate folds to form the neural tube.
    • Neural crest cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and delaminate from the neural plate.

    Neural Crest and Derivatives

    • Migratory, pluripotent cells
    • Contribute to structures in the head and neck
    • Neural derivatives: sensory ganglia of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves, sympathetic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)

    Neural Crest Cells: Non-neural derivatives

    • Glia cells in PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells
    • Melanocytes, odontoblasts, cementoblasts
    • Skeletal components in the pharyngeal arches (cartilage & bones)
    • Ciliary and pupillary muscles
    • Leptomeninges: arachnoid and pia mater
    • Migration guided by signals from non-neuronal tissue (somites)

    Somitogenesis

    • Neurulation and somitogenesis occur concomitantly
    • Cells migrating through the node (posteriorly) and cranial part of the primitive streak form paraxial mesoderm
    • Paraxial mesoderm cells coalesce to form somites.

    Fate of the Somite

    • Dermomyotome (dermatome: forms dermis, myotome: forms muscles)
    • Sclerotome (forms vertebrae and intervertebral disc (IVD))

    Neural Plate Formation and Neurulation

    • Neural tube begins folding and fusing in the occipito-cervical region
    • Forms cranial and caudal neuropores

    Neural Tube Defects

    • NTDs: diverse set of birth defects that involve the neural tube and/or associated structures
    • Result from failure of neural tube or neuropores to close properly
      • Spina bifida: defects in the spinal cord/caudal neuropore
      • Anencephaly: defects in the cranial neuropore (fatal)
    • Causes: folic acid deficiency, genetic predisposition, teratogens (other factors: obesity, smoking, hyperthermia)
    • Diagnosis: high levels of alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid

    Skull defects and encephaloceles

    • Defects in skull bone ossification can result in meningoceles, encephalomeningoceles, and encephalomeningohydroceles.
    • The squamous part of the occipital bone is most often involved
    • Severity depends on the size of the bony defect

    Development of the Primary Brain Vesicles

    • Following neural induction, the cephalic end of the neural tube shows three dilations: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

    Development of the Secondary Brain Vesicles

    • At 5 weeks, the primary vesicles develop into 5 secondary vesicles: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon

    Development of the Secondary Brain Vesicles

    • The lumen of the developing spinal cord is continuous with the brain vesicles.
    • They become filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced by choroid plexus.

    Hydrocephalus

    • Accumulation of CSF in the brain
    • Enlarges ventricles
    • Common cause: aqueduct blockage

    Summary

    • Sequential development of brain vesicles

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    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of neuroscience with this engaging quiz. Covering topics such as brain vesicles, neural crest cells, and the functions of various nervous system structures, this quiz is perfect for students and enthusiasts alike. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the complexities of the nervous system!

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