Neuroscience and Reproductive Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What anatomical level is typically accessed during a lumbar puncture to obtain cerebrospinal fluid?

L3-L4 (correct)

L1-L2

T10-T11

S1-S2

Which type of hemorrhage is characterized by a collection of blood that results in a rounder crescent shadow on a CT scan?

Intracerebral haemorrhage

Epidural haemorrhage (correct)

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

Subdural haemorrhage

What is the primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

Inability to articulate speech

Ability to read but not write

Lack of comprehension or understanding (correct)

Inability to produce coherent speech

Which part of the brain is primarily affected in Broca's aphasia?

Frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a subarachnoid hemorrhage in terms of location?

Between the arachnoid and pia mater Signup and view all the answers

During a lumbar puncture, which layer is the needle passed through before reaching the cerebrospinal fluid?

Arachnoid layer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hemorrhage is related to loose layers of the meninges and may present as a flat crescent shadow on a CT scan?

Subdural haemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function impaired by damage to Wernicke's area?

Language comprehension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) after fertilization?

Maintains the corpus luteum Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately after fertilization in the fallopian tube?

Zygote undergoes mitotic division Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the placenta to prevent menstruation?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Signup and view all the answers

What role do FSH and LH have in the female reproductive system?

They stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What can result from persistent vaginal infections in women?

Scar tissue formation leading to infertility Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily responsible for implanting the embryo and producing HCG?

Placenta Signup and view all the answers

The thickening of which layer helps to maintain pregnancy?

Endometrium Signup and view all the answers

How does GnRH affect the anterior pituitary in the context of female reproductive hormone regulation?

It stimulates the pituitary to produce FSH and LH Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate outcome of the zygote dividing through mitosis?

Creation of an embryo Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the corpus luteum does not maintain progesterone levels during early pregnancy?

Miscarriage may occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of left abducent nerve palsy?

Inability to move the left eye to the left Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for lateral eye movement?

Abducent nerve (CN VI) Signup and view all the answers

In cases of cranial nerve palsy, which side of the body typically shows weakness in relation to where the nerve injury occurred?

Same side as the injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely provisional diagnosis for a patient with facial muscle weakness and drooping on the left side?

Brain injury affecting the right side Signup and view all the answers

What can be indicated by the inability to constrict both pupils when light is shown to one eye?

Oculomotor nerve injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected prognosis for most patients suffering from Bell's palsy?

Good, typically resolves over time Signup and view all the answers

What type of diagnostic procedure is often used to distinguish between Bell's palsy and other forms of cranial nerve palsy?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscle movements would be expected to be normal if the right abducent nerve is functionally intact?

Moving eyes to the right Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of facial muscle weakness seen in Bell’s palsy?

Asymmetrical facial expression on the same side Signup and view all the answers

What physical exam finding is associated with damage to the lateral rectus muscle due to abducent nerve palsy?

Left eye is down and out Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for conducting and storing sperm?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of blocked fallopian tubes in females?

Prevention of sperm meeting ovum Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the motor functions of the cerebral hemispheres?

Each hemisphere controls movements predominantly for the opposite side of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stroke is characterized by a blockage that leads to a lack of blood flow to the brain?

Ischemic stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory gland contributes the most fluid component to semen?

Seminal vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk is associated with undescended testes?

Higher likelihood of developing testicular carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the brain is Broca’s area located?

Left frontal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the male reproductive system?

Spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is correct?

It regulates substances in blood gaining access to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What type of aphasia does Mdm Koh exhibit if she struggles to articulate speech but understands spoken words?

Broca’s aphasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the contralateral effects of a left-side stroke?

Crossing of motor and sensory tracts at the midline. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately represents the symptoms of a left-sided cerebral stroke?

Right-sided weakness and speech difficulties. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of right-handedness, where is the likely dominance for the Broca’s area located?

Left hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What is a common aftermath of ischemic strokes concerning recovery?

Recovery varies widely, often depending on the severity of the stroke. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Term 1 Revision - Human Bioscience 2

This revision is for the entire term, not just a common test.
Students need to revise lecture content and McGraw Hill textbooks (2 ebooks).
Avoid memorizing slides, focus on understanding concepts.
Worksheets and post-lecture quizzes should be practiced for optimal preparation.
Summary slides are available for practical class review.

Structure & Function of a Neuron

Dendrites: Receive signals
Cell body (soma): Contains the nucleus and organelles
Axon: Carries signals to the next cell
Myelin sheath: Insulates the axon, increasing speed of transmission
Synapse (Axon terminal): Bulb-shaped endings that form a synapse with the next cell
Neuroglia: Protects, supports, and regulates the environment
Neuron: Transmits nerve impulses

Classification of Neurons

Classified based on structure (unipolar/pseudounipolar, bipolar, and multipolar)
Classified based on function (sensory, interneuron, and motor/efferent).
Multipolar Neuron: Most common in the CNS and efferent neurons. It has two or more dendrites and one axon.
Found in the sensory division.*
Unipolar Neuron or pseudounipolar Neuron: Only one process emerging from the cell body; found in special sensory, olfactory epithelium etc.
Bipolar neuron: Two processes extend from the cell body: one is an axon and one is a dendrite.

Information of Transmission in a Neuron

Depolarization: Sodium channels open, sodium ions move into the cell, and membrane potential rises to +30 mV.
Repolarization: Sodium channels close, voltage-gated potassium channels open, and potassium ions move out of the cell. Repolarization begins.
Refractory Period: During this period, the membrane cannot respond to further stimulation.
Action Potential: Process conducted along the axon length.
Electrolytes (Na+, K+, CI-), and protein.

The Structure of a Typical Synapse

Presynaptic neuron: Axon bulbs form synapses with a postsynaptic neuron.
Synaptic cleft: Separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
Mitochondria: Provide energy.
Synaptic vesicles: Contain neurotransmitters
Postsynaptic neuron: Dendrite, cell body.
Presynaptic membrane: The membrane of the axon bulb that releases neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic membrane: The membrane of the dendrite or cell body that receives the neurotransmitter.
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers released across the cleft to signal the next cell.

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Cerebrum (divided into lobes):
- Frontal lobe: primary motor area, problem solving, conscious thoughts, higher-order functions.
- Parietal lobe: Primary somatosensory area, processing sensory information.
- Temporal lobe: primary auditory, memory and language comprehension area (Wernicke's area).
- Occipital lobe: Primary visual area.
Cerebellum
- Coordination of voluntary movements; balance.
Brain Stem
- Midbrain: auditory and visual information relay station.
- Pons: connects the cerebral cortex to cerebellum.
- Medulla oblongata: vital autonomic functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure).
Spinal Cord: Connects brain to body; involved in reflex actions; carries sensory and motor signals.

Protections of the CNS

Bones: Skull and vertebral bones protect the brain and spinal cord; from mechanical damage.
Meninges: Three layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) surround the CNS and protect it.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): A protective fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, filling the spaces.
Blood-brain barrier: Regulates the passage of substances into the brain.

Clinical Notes

Meningitis:

Inflammation of the meninges, predominantly caused by infections in cerebrospinal fluid. Diagnosis is through lumbar puncture (spinal tap).

Stroke(CVA):

Cerebrovascular accident caused by blood flow blockage (ischemic) or rupture (hemorrhagic) in the brain, leading to oxygen deprivation.

Aphasia:

Language disorder affecting communication, including difficulty with articulation and comprehension. Broca's and Wernicke's areas are implicated.

Head Injury/Intracranial hemorrhage:

Severe head injuries can damage cerebral blood vessels, causing epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid hemorrhages.

Clinical Notes: Eye

Cataract:

Opacity of the lens

Conjunctivitis:

Irritation or damage to the conjunctiva

Sty:

Infected sebaceous glands in the eyelid.

Glaucoma:

Increased pressure inside the eyeball.

Retinal Detachment:

Separation of the retina from the choroid layer.

Diabetic & Hypertensive retinopathy:

Complications frequently requiring yearly eye checks for control.

Anatomy & Physiology of the Ear

External Ear: Outer structures include the pinna and auditory canal.
- The pinna is lined with hairs and modified sweat glands.
Middle Ear: Three small bones (ossicles); auditory tube, equalizes air pressure across the tympanic membrane.
Inner Ear: Semicircular canals; vestibular apparatus; cochlea where sound is transmitted.

Receptors

Chemoreceptors: Respond to chemical stimulation (e.g., blood pH).
Photoreceptors: Respond to light.
Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature changes.
Mechanoreceptors: Respond to pressure, touch, and position (e.g., tactile receptors, proprioceptors).
Nociceptors: Respond to pain.

Case Discussion

Patients may have issues related to brain injuries, cranial nerves, facial muscle weakness or other underlying issues.
Doctors need to determine causes, clinical features to formulate diagnosis and treatment plans and provide prognosis.

The Autonomic Nervous system

Regulates involuntary processes, like heart rate and digestive processes.
Parasympathetic and sympathetic branches, counteracting each other in coordinating functions within the body.

The Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves attached to the brain, providing sensory and motor function to parts of the head, neck, and facial regions. The use of roman numerals and specific names differentiate between these nerves.

The Pituitary Gland

Hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands.
Anterior pituitary: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); Gonadotropic hormones; Prolactin.
Posterior pituitary: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Oxytocin.

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose:

Insulin: Decreases blood sugar.
Glucagon: Increases blood sugar, along with growth hormone, glucocorticoids, and norepinephrine.
Hormones outside of the pancreas contribute during stress.

The Adrenal Glands

Adrenal medulla: Short-term stress response; epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
Adrenal cortex: Long-term stress response; glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

The Pancreas & Endocrine Pancreatic Tissue (Islets of Langerhans)

Endocrine pancreatic tissue is called pancreatic islets, containing A cells (secrete glucagon) and B cells (secrete insulin).

The Female Reproductive Tract:

Gonads: Ovaries
Ducts: Fallopian tubes, Uterus, and External genitalia.
Secretion of female sex hormones: Estrogen and Progesterone

The Uterine Wall

Endometrium: Functional layer for implantation, shed during menstruation. The basal layer under the functional layer regenerates.
Myometrium: Middle muscle layer involved in contractions during labor.
Perimetrium: Outer serous layer.

The Ovarian Cycle

Cyclical process of egg maturation.
Hormonal regulation.

The Male Reproductive Structures:

Testes: Produce sperm, and sex hormones.
Epididymis: Stores sperm.
Vas Deferens: Conducts the sperm.
Seminal Vesicles: Provides fluid to the semen.
Prostate glands: Secrete fluid to semen.
Bulbourethral glands: Contribute mucus-containing fluid to semen.
Penis: Organ of Sexual Intercourse.

Clinical Notes Male Reproductive Health:

Undescended Testicle: A testicle that hasn't descended into the scrotum before birth, increasing the risk of fertility issues and testicular carcinoma.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of the prostate gland in older men, potentially resulting in urinary obstruction.

Vitamin D3 synthesis

Exposure to sunlight triggers synthesis in cholesterol in the epidermis.
Vitamin D3 (inactive) gets activated in liver and kidneys to become calcitriol.
Increased absorption of Calcium in the intestine.

###Why does exposure to sunlight darken skin?

The skin will produce melanin to absorb ultraviolet radiation and protect the deeper layers of skin.

Skin Color Changes - Role of Dermal Circulation

Flushed skin: High oxygenation creates a red appearance.
Paling skin: Blood vessel constriction reduces blood flow.
Anaemia: Decreased RBC production or blood loss.
Cyanosis: Blue discoloration from insufficient blood oxygen.
Jaundice: Yellow discoloration from bilirubin accumulation in the liver or RBC destruction.
Orange hue: Too much carotene.

Five General Functions of the Integument

Protection: Skin acts as a barrier.
Temperature maintenance: Temperature regulation.
Synthesis & storage of nutrients: Vitamin D3 synthesis.
Sensory reception: Pain, pressure, touch, and temperature.
Excretion & secretion: Excretion of waste; milk production

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to neuroscience and reproductive anatomy. This quiz covers topics such as cerebrospinal fluid acquisition, types of hemorrhages, aphasia characteristics, and the role of hormones in reproduction. Perfect for students studying biology or medicine.