Neuroplasticity Factors in Rehabilitation
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Questions and Answers

What are two factors that significantly influence neuroplasticity and how do they impact rehabilitation?

Repetition and intensity significantly influence neuroplasticity by requiring many repetitions to effect lasting neural changes and greater intensity during practice induces neuroplasticity.

When would you choose to use low contextual interference in rehabilitation exercises?

Low contextual interference is used when a patient is less skilled at the task.

Explain the importance of task performance in relation to neuroplasticity.

Task performance is critical as neuroplasticity increases when training relevant and important tasks, ensuring engagement and motivation.

How can environment affect neuroplasticity during rehabilitation?

<p>An enriched environment with sensory, cognitive, motor, and social stimulation facilitates increased neuroplasticity and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason for employing high contextual interference during training?

<p>High contextual interference is applied when a patient has basic foundational skills and can apply them to different scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are important considerations when providing instructions to patients?

<p>Consider sentence length, attentional capacity of the patient, and timing of the instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do patient characteristics play in neuroplasticity?

<p>Younger individuals typically exhibit greater and more efficient neuroplasticity compared to older adults, while stress can also influence neuroplastic capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline how a physical therapist can enhance repetitive task-specific practice.

<p>A physical therapist can enhance practice by implementing group therapy, independent practice, training caregivers, providing exercise booklets, and integrating tasks into daily living.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should demonstrations be structured for effective learning?

<p>Demonstrations should be performed frequently by skilled experts and timed appropriately before and during practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between knowledge of results and knowledge of performance?

<p>Knowledge of results provides information about the outcome of a skill, while knowledge of performance gives feedback on the process of performing the skill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three practice variables that influence motor skill acquisition?

<p>The three practice variables are task specificity, task intensity, and task variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how pharmacology can influence neuroplasticity.

<p>Certain pharmacological agents, like GABA receptor agonists, can reduce neuroplasticity and impact recovery progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can qualitative feedback be beneficial in rehabilitation?

<p>Qualitative feedback focuses on the quality of movement and can guide improvements in technique.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the time-sensitive aspect of neuroplasticity in rehabilitation?

<p>Neuroplasticity is more amenable early following an injury, suggesting that timely interventions are crucial for effective rehabilitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would you prefer intrinsic feedback over extrinsic feedback?

<p>Intrinsic feedback is preferred when patients are skilled enough to self-assess their performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors should influence your choice of internal vs external focus feedback?

<p>The patient's skill level and the specific task being performed should guide the choice between internal and external focus feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to connect augmented feedback with the timing of practice?

<p>Timely augmented feedback reinforces learning by providing information immediately after the task is performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how attentional capacity can affect the frequency of instructions given to patients.

<p>The frequency of instructions should match the patient’s attentional capacity to avoid overwhelming them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is knowledge of performance and how does it contribute to understanding movement characteristics?

<p>Knowledge of performance provides information about movement characteristics that lead to performance outcomes, such as force steadiness and gait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define intrinsic feedback and provide an example of when it might be experienced.

<p>Intrinsic feedback is direct feedback received from one’s own body regarding a movement, such as realizing a need for improvement after executing a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does extrinsic feedback differ from intrinsic feedback?

<p>Extrinsic feedback comes from external sources like coaches or devices, while intrinsic feedback is generated internally from the performer’s own sensory experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what qualitative feedback entails and how it can impact performance assessment.

<p>Qualitative feedback is descriptive and indicates the quality of performance, using terms like 'good' or 'nice' to provide subjective evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is quantitative feedback, and why is it important in performance evaluation?

<p>Quantitative feedback includes numerical values related to performance characteristics, providing objective data for analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of how knowledge of performance might be used in a rehabilitation setting.

<p>In rehabilitation, knowledge of performance can inform therapists about a patient’s movement patterns, helping tailor exercises to improve specific deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a coach use both qualitative and quantitative feedback when training athletes?

<p>A coach uses both types of feedback to provide a well-rounded assessment; qualitative feedback offers insight into the athlete's technique, while quantitative feedback provides measurable outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can walking speed and distance walked be monitored in a performance assessment?

<p>Walking speed and distance walked can be measured using a dynamometer or timing devices to gather quantitative data on an individual’s performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of instructions that direct attention to the movement itself when pitching a baseball?

<p>Internal attention focus directs attention to the muscle contractions during the movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how external attention focus is applied in a baseball pitch.

<p>External attention focus shifts the weight toward the table, directing attention to the effect of the movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two types of sensory feedback used in training that are based on vision.

<p>Demonstrations and videos (real-time and playback) are used as visual feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does auditory feedback assist in movement training?

<p>Auditory feedback through instructions or metronomes helps reinforce timing and coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the muscular strength grades suitable for using EMG biofeedback?

<p>EMG biofeedback is suitable for patients with a muscular strength grade of 2-/5 MMT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two strategies for training weak muscles at grade 0-1/5.

<p>Electrical stimulation (ES) and manual handling/guidance are suitable strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to reduce friction when training weak muscles?

<p>Using socks, a skateboard, or a slidesheet can minimize friction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how gravity can be eliminated when training weak muscles.

<p>Changing the position of the patient, such as lying down, can eliminate gravity's effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the skill vs compensation balance refer to in rehabilitation?

<p>It refers to prioritizing skill recovery in functions, like regaining ankle dorsiflexion instead of relying on an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mental practice in strengthening weak muscles?

<p>Mental practice involves visualizing movements to enhance motor learning and coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of practice intensity in skill training?

<p>Practice intensity helps improve performance by increasing reps and duration, ensuring the training is challenging enough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does practice variability contribute to skill training?

<p>Practice variability includes active problem solving, which adapts to different tasks or environments and promotes skill transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of task specificity in training.

<p>Task specificity focuses on practicing skills related to specific tasks, either as part or whole tasks, to improve performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two task factors that can increase the difficulty of training.

<p>Increasing the number of repetitions and adding resistance can raise training difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor can decrease the base of support during training?

<p>Using a softer base of support can reduce stability, thereby increasing training difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can attentional demands affect skill training?

<p>Increasing attentional demands makes tasks harder, demanding greater focus and enhancing skill development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding cognitive tasks to physical training?

<p>Adding cognitive tasks increases complexity, promoting dual-task processing and enhancing overall skill acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one way to progress from part task to whole task training.

<p>Progressing from practicing parts of the task to performing the entire task improves fluidity and integration of skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influence does body transport and object manipulation have on training difficulty?

<p>Incorporating body transport and object manipulation increases the complexity of tasks, enhancing functional skill performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the principles of skill training and compensatory movements.

<p>Skill training principles include practice intensity, variability, specificity, along with compensatory movements for better functional outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neuroplasticity Factors

  • Use specific tasks to degrade and decrease cortical representations. Therapy must activate networks. Task-specific rehab increases these gains.
  • Repetition and higher intensity are needed for lasting neural changes. Greater intensity enhances neuroplasticity. Reps and sets are important.
  • Neuroplasticity is more responsive in the early stages post-injury.
  • Task performance, motivation, feedback, and attention are factors that influence the quality of neuroplasticity gains. More relevant, important tasks are better.
  • Enhanced sensory, cognitive, motor, and social stimulation increase neuroplasticity. Environment should not compete for attention.
  • Adjuvant therapies, like motor imagery and mental practice, can stimulate neuroplasticity.
  • Younger patients show greater neuroplastic potential than older patients. Stress can influence neuroplasticity.
  • Pharmacological agents like GABA receptor agonists (baclofen, benzodiazepine) reduce neuroplasticity, used for anxiety, seizures, and spasticity.

Motor Skill Acquisition Factors

  • Task Specificity: Replicate the task as closely as possible using part/whole task practice.
  • Task Intensity: Many repetitions are necessary.
  • Task Variability: Improve patient's ability to perform the task in different scenarios. This improves versatility and adaptability.
  • Repetitive Task Specific Practice Increase: Physical therapists can increase the amount of repetitive task-specific practice. This involves specific practice scenarios for the patient.

Practice Specificity Considerations

  • Tasks should mimic real-life situations as closely as possible, including proprioceptive, attentional, cognitive, and visual aspects.
  • Consider joint position, muscle length, and the type and velocity of contraction (closed vs. open chain).

Contextual Inference in Exercises

  • Low Contextual Interference: Use this when the patient is less skilled at the task.
  • High Contextual Interference: Use this when the patient has foundational skills, enabling application to different scenarios.

Instruction and Demonstration Considerations

  • Instructions: Use short sentences and phrases when instructing patients. Adjust sentence length according to the patient's attentional capacity.
  • Demonstrations: More effective with skill acquisition. Demonstrations are most effective when given to less skilled patients.

Knowledge of Performance and Results

  • Knowledge of Results (KR): Provides information about the outcome of a skill or goal achievement. Examples include dynamometer readings, repetition counts, and walking/movement distance.
  • Knowledge of Performance (KP): Details the characteristics of the movements leading to the outcome. Example includes: force steadiness, sway amount, or gait characteristics.
  • Intrinsic Feedback: Direct feedback from the movement itself.
  • Extrinsic Feedback: Described feedback given by a person(s) or data i.e. video/balance device.
    • Quantitative: Numerical values related to performance, like speed of a baseball pitch.
    • Qualitative: Descriptive feedback about the quality of performance ("Good," "Nice").
  • Internal Focus: Attention directed to the movement itself – i.e., feeling contraction of the muscles.
  • External Focus: Attention directed to the environment – i.e. shifting your weight toward the table.

Skill Training and Compensation Balance

  • Train the skill, then introduce any necessary compensation strategies to avoid further deterioration. The extent of training will depend on several factors, including the patient's prognosis and goals.
  • Skills training balances the practice to improve the skill and strategies to aid it.

Skill Difficulty Factors

  • Task Factors: Increase difficulty via: increasing repetitions, frequency, duration, manual assistance, resistance, distance, amplitude, etc.
  • Environmental Factors: Increase difficulty via: decreasing base of support, increasing attentional demands, and introducing extraneous factors like inclement weather or noise.

Training Weak Muscles

  • Adapt training to patient's specific abilities, for example by eliminating gravity via different position, reducing degrees of freedom, or utilizing manual guidance.
  • Use various strategies (e.g. biofeedback, resistance changes, etc.) and exercises (e.g., different grades/types) to target muscular weakness.

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Description

Explore the various factors influencing neuroplasticity in therapeutic settings. This quiz covers how task-specific rehabilitation, intensity, motivation, and environmental factors contribute to neural changes post-injury. Learn about the role of age and the effect of pharmacological agents on neuroplastic potential.

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