Neurophysiological Effects of Analgesic Currents on Pain Management

Which neurotransmitter system is associated with immobility at the supraspinal level?

Which neurotransmitter releases endorphins at the supraspinal level?

What is the origin of the α2-adrenergic system at the supraspinal level?

Which area is associated with the stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus at the supraspinal level?

Which opioid receptor type is associated with enkephalins at the supraspinal level?

Which neurotransmitters are involved in the presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition of substance P/glutamate at the κ receptors?

Which neurotransmitters are involved in the supraspinal level inhibitory descendant systems?

What type of stimulus does acupuncture TENS primarily respond to?

What is the role of burst TENS at the peripheral level?

What is the effect of electroacupuncture on capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia?

What is the pulse duration of Träbert current?

What is the main effect of Träbert current?

How is the maximum intensity for Träbert current calculated?

What is the frequency of the Galvanic Interrupted current?

What is the effect of the galvanic component in Träbert current?

Which type of current is recommended for hypertone and muscle contracture post-traumatic or neuralgic pain?

What is the primary purpose of diadynamic currents?

Which type of current is recommended for poorly vascularised areas as a tonic for muscle tissue?

What is the effect of long periods (LP) diadynamic current?

Which condition is contraindicated for general electrotherapy?