Neuronal Transmission and Demyelination Causes

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which calcium ions facilitate neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic neuron?

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease, is caused by the reactivation of which virus under immunosuppressed conditions, especially in patients treated with monoclonal antibodies?

In the context of synaptic transmission, if acetylcholinesterase is inhibited, what would be the MOST likely immediate consequence in the synaptic cleft?

A patient presents with ascending muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and a history of recent infection. Lab results indicate the presence of anti-ganglioside autoantibodies. Which of the following demyelinating diseases is MOST likely the cause?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of saltatory conduction's primary advantage in neuronal signaling?

A patient presents with continuous tonic-clonic seizures, hyperthermia, and elevated blood pressure. Which subtype of status epilepticus is the MOST likely cause?

A patient is admitted for possible stroke. Imaging confirms a hemorrhagic stroke. What is the MOST likely mechanism by which this increases the patient's risk of seizures?

A college student is brought to the emergency department with a fever, stiff neck, and altered mental status. A lumbar puncture is performed, and initial results suggest meningitis. Which infectious agent is MOST likely the cause?

A patient with a history of AIDS presents with progressively worsening neurological symptoms. An MRI reveals findings consistent with meningitis. What is the MOST likely causative organism?

A patient presents with memory loss, behavioral changes, and seizures. Imaging reveals bitemporal abnormalities. Which infectious agent should be MOST suspected?

A patient with a history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department obtunded. Lab results reveal a serum sodium level of 118 mEq/L. What is the MOST likely mechanism by which hyponatremia is contributing to the patient's altered mental status and seizure risk?

A patient is undergoing treatment for status epilepticus, and initial benzodiazepine administration has failed to control the seizures. Which of the following medications should be administered NEXT?

A 68 year old male with a history of COPD is brought to the emergency department with fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity. A lumbar puncture reveals bacterial meningitis. Which organism is the MOST likely causative agent?

Which of the following receptor actions would MOST effectively reduce neuronal excitability and prevent the initiation of a seizure?

A researcher is developing a novel anticonvulsant drug. Which mechanism of action would be MOST likely to prevent the spread of focal seizures to other brain regions?

In the context of generalized seizures, what is the MOST direct effect of magnesium removal from the NMDA receptor channel?

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely contribute to the synchronization of neuronal firing, leading to a seizure?

A patient experiencing focal seizures is found to have elevated levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft. Which of the following mechanisms would BEST explain this observation?

How do GABAA and GABAB receptors differ in their mechanisms of action and location within the CNS?

Which of the following metabolic or electrolyte abnormalities would MOST directly contribute to an increased risk of seizures?

A patient with a history of hypoxia is now experiencing seizures. What is the MOST likely underlying pathophysiological mechanism linking these two conditions?

Neuronal edema contributes to seizure activity by primarily affecting which cellular mechanism?

Which of the following mechanisms explains how ketamine induces seizures, distinguishing it from other common seizure-inducing substances?

How does bupropion, used in smoking cessation and as an antidepressant, increase the risk of seizures?

In Huntington's disease, the accumulation of Huntingtin protein, which contains expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats, primarily affects which region of the basal ganglia?

Flumazenil, a benzodiazepine reversal agent, can induce seizures through which specific mechanism?

The pathogenesis of Huntington's disease involves a complex disruption of the indirect and direct pathways. During the later stages of the disease, what is the primary effect on motor function?

Isoniazid, used in TB treatment, induces seizures via pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency, leading to what specific neurochemical imbalance?

What is the underlying mechanism by which the degeneration of the striatum leads to hyperkinetic movement disorders such as chorea and athetosis in the early stages of Huntington's disease?

Clozapine and other antipsychotics increase seizure risk through a mechanism primarily involving which neurotransmitter system?

In patients with primary polydipsia, neuronal edema increases the risk of seizures due to its direct impact on:

A patient with Huntington's disease exhibits significant visuospatial deficits. Which of the following neural disruptions is the MOST likely cause?

In late-stage Huntington's disease, dysfunction in the substantia nigra manifests as decreased dopamine release. How does this impact motor function?

Stimulant drugs like amphetamines, cocaine and MDMA can increase the risk of seizures by:

What is the most likely cause of a patient with Huntington's disease displaying outbursts of inappropriate behavior, such as public urination?

What neuroimaging finding is MOST indicative of Huntington's Disease?

The expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats in the Huntingtin gene code for an excessive number of which amino acid?

What would be the most likely effect of a lesion specific to the Substantia Nigra pars compacta?

A patient presents with hypokinesia (poverty of movement) and rigidity. Imaging reveals dysfunction within the basal ganglia. Which specific structure is most likely implicated in these symptoms?

In the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, what is the effect of decreased GABA release from the striatum onto the Globus Pallidus external component (GPe)?

What is the likely effect of increased activity within the subthalamic nuclei on motor function?

How does dopamine binding to D2 receptors in the striatum contribute to motor control?

What is the functional consequence of increased GABA release from the Globus Pallidus internal component (GPi) onto the thalamus?

A researcher is investigating the effects of a novel drug that selectively enhances the activity of the GPe. What motor consequence is most likely to be observed?

A patient exhibits symptoms indicative of basal ganglia dysfunction, but the movement disorder does NOT result in complete paralysis. Why?

Saltatory Conduction

JC Virus

Synapse Parts

Role of Calcium

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Basal Ganglia

Parts of Basal Ganglia

Motor Cortex

Indirect Pathway of Striatum

Role of GABA

Role of Glutamate

Dopamine in Basal Ganglia

Huntington's Disease

Status Epilepticus

Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus

Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus

Focal Status Epilepticus

Management of Status Epilepticus

IV Benzodiazepines

Hyponatremia and Seizures

Infectious Causes of Seizures

Huntingtin protein

Striatum

Lateral ventricles enlargement

Chorea

Athetosis

Bradykinesia

Visuospatial deficits

Neuropsychiatric deficits

Resting Membrane Potential

AMPA Receptor

NMDA Receptor

GABA extit{A} Receptor

GABA extit{B} Receptor

Excitatory Seizure Etiology

Inhibitory Seizure Etiology

Focal Seizures

Neuronal Edema

Primary Polydipsia

Illicit Drugs and Seizures

Ketamine's Role

Bupropion Effects

Flumazenil

Isoniazid-Induced Seizures

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal