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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a sensory modality mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a sensory modality mentioned?
Sensory information is only transmitted by one type of sensory neuron.
Sensory information is only transmitted by one type of sensory neuron.
False
What is the location of the body of the second sensory neuron in the described system?
What is the location of the body of the second sensory neuron in the described system?
Spinal cord
The first sensory neuron connects to a second sensory neuron in the __________.
The first sensory neuron connects to a second sensory neuron in the __________.
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Match the following sensory modalities with their descriptions:
Match the following sensory modalities with their descriptions:
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What does working memory include beyond simple maintenance of information?
What does working memory include beyond simple maintenance of information?
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Short term memory and long term memory are the same concepts.
Short term memory and long term memory are the same concepts.
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What is the primary condition for membrane depolarization?
What is the primary condition for membrane depolarization?
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What is the expanded concept of short term memory known as?
What is the expanded concept of short term memory known as?
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The intensity of stimulation does influence whether the membrane will depolarize.
The intensity of stimulation does influence whether the membrane will depolarize.
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The concept of short term memory was later expanded into the notion of _____ memory.
The concept of short term memory was later expanded into the notion of _____ memory.
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What is required for membrane depolarization to occur?
What is required for membrane depolarization to occur?
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The membrane will depolarize if the stimulation reaches the __________ value.
The membrane will depolarize if the stimulation reaches the __________ value.
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Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:
Match the following types of memory with their characteristics:
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What occurs when the membrane potential of the axon hillock reaches the threshold?
What occurs when the membrane potential of the axon hillock reaches the threshold?
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Active channels are present in the soma of the neuron and its dendrites.
Active channels are present in the soma of the neuron and its dendrites.
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What propagates along the entire axon once evoked?
What propagates along the entire axon once evoked?
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If the membrane potential reaches the ______, an action potential is triggered.
If the membrane potential reaches the ______, an action potential is triggered.
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Match the following components of a neuron with their functions:
Match the following components of a neuron with their functions:
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Which of the following statements about glycine and GABA is true?
Which of the following statements about glycine and GABA is true?
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Benzodiazepines inhibit the activation of GABA receptors.
Benzodiazepines inhibit the activation of GABA receptors.
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What substance blocks the release of glycine?
What substance blocks the release of glycine?
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GABA is a type of ______ neurotransmitter.
GABA is a type of ______ neurotransmitter.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
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What type of receptors inform the central nervous system about excessive passive elongation of muscle fibers?
What type of receptors inform the central nervous system about excessive passive elongation of muscle fibers?
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Muscle fibers automatically contract to oppose their elongation when stimulated by specific receptors.
Muscle fibers automatically contract to oppose their elongation when stimulated by specific receptors.
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What is the main function of the receptors mentioned in the content?
What is the main function of the receptors mentioned in the content?
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The receptors trigger an automatic (reflex) contraction of the same muscle fibers that opposes their ______.
The receptors trigger an automatic (reflex) contraction of the same muscle fibers that opposes their ______.
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Study Notes
Neuronal Structure and Function
- Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system.
- They consist of a cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon.
- Axons can extend far from the soma, some reaching a meter in length.
- Dendrites and axons branch extensively near their ends.
- The soma is the primary site for metabolic activity and protein synthesis.
- The nucleus, located in the soma, regulates gene expression in response to neuronal demands.
- Microtubules and microfilaments transport proteins and molecules to the axon terminals.
- Axon hillock is the site where action potentials arise.
- Myelin sheath facilitates rapid action potential propagation.
Neuronal Types and Quantities
- The human brain contains approximately 86-100 billion neurons.
- Neurons are diverse in their shapes and properties, resulting in various functional responses.
- Sensory neurons (afferent) transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
- Motor neurons (efferent) transmit instructions from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
- Interneurons connect afferent and efferent neurons, processing information and determining responses.
Functional Regions of Neurons
- Input region: site of synapses and connections with other neurons.
- Integrative region: summates signals from other neurons and initiates neuronal response (action potential).
- Conductive region: action potential travels away from the soma.
- Output region: site of synapse for communicating with other neurons.
Synapses
- Axon endings form synapses with input regions of other neurons.
- A large number of synapses (estimated 10¹⁵) exists in the human brain.
- Each synapse receives input from a single presynaptic neuron.
- Neurons frequently receive thousands of synapses, allowing for extensive interaction.
Glial Cells
- Glial cells support neuronal function, outnumbering neurons in the central nervous system.
- Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier, regulating extracellular space and neurotransmitter levels.
- Myelinating glia (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells) insulate axons for faster signal transmission.
- Microglia are involved in brain inflammatory processes.
- Ependymal cells line fluid-filled spaces in the brain.
Nervous System Anatomy
- The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the encephalon and spinal cord.
- The encephalon consists of the cerebral hemispheres (cortex), brainstem, cerebellum, and deep structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus.
- The spinal cord is a region for sensory relay and motor commands, connecting the brain to the peripheral body.
Brainstem
- The brainstem processes and relays sensory and motor information from and to the head, coordinating functions like vision, respiration, and postural control.
Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord relays sensory information from the body to the brain and transmits motor signals, connecting the brain to the periphery.
- It controls reflex actions and coordinates basic motor functions.
Cerebellum
- The cerebellum is involved in motor control, posture, and the fluidity of mental processes.
Cerebral Hemispheres
- The cerebral cortex represents the highest level of sensory processing and higher cognitive function.
Basal Ganglia
- The basal ganglia are involved in motor control and cognitive functions.
Peripheral Nervous System
- The peripheral nervous system handles sensory information input from the environment and sends motor commands to the periphery.
Sensory Pathways
- Sensory pathways relay sensory information to higher centers in the brain, such as the thalamus.
Motor Pathways
- Motor Pathways send motor signals from higher brain centers to muscles.
Reflexes
- Reflexes are involuntary motor responses to sensory stimuli.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions, including internal organs like the heart, lungs and digestive tract.
- Two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are parasympathetic and sympathetic.
Brain Stem and other Controls
- The brainstem regulates many internal organs.
- The medulla regulates the heartbeat/blood vessel diameter.
Memory and Synaptic Plasticity
- Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information through changes in the connectivity of neurons.
- Short-term memory mechanisms include habituation and sensitization.
- Long-term memory involves changes in synaptic strength and structure.
Neuronal Signaling
- Ions flow across neuronal membranes create electrical signals.
- The ion channels and pumps maintain internal concentrations.
- Voltage differences between inside and outside a neuron produce membrane potential.
- Action potentials are rapid changes in the membrane potential.
- Synaptic transmission converts electrical signals to chemical and back.
Neuronal Synapses
- Synapses allow communication between neurons.
- Neurotransmitters are released, binding to receptors on other neurons.
- These mediate excitation or inhibition.
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of neurons, the building blocks of the nervous system. It includes information on neuron types, their components such as the soma, dendrites, and axon, and the role of myelin in action potential propagation. Test your understanding of neuronal diversity and their importance in the brain.
