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Questions and Answers
What is the correct order of the overall process of a reflex response?
What is the correct order of the overall process of a reflex response?
What role do the sensory neurons play in the reflex response?
What role do the sensory neurons play in the reflex response?
In the context of the pupillary light reflex, what initiates the response?
In the context of the pupillary light reflex, what initiates the response?
Which of the following is not a function evaluated by the spinal reflex?
Which of the following is not a function evaluated by the spinal reflex?
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What is a vital sign that reflects cardiac activity?
What is a vital sign that reflects cardiac activity?
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What does the P wave in an EKG represent?
What does the P wave in an EKG represent?
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How can heart rate be calculated from an EKG?
How can heart rate be calculated from an EKG?
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What happens during the T wave of an EKG?
What happens during the T wave of an EKG?
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What is the normal range for heart rate in beats per minute?
What is the normal range for heart rate in beats per minute?
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What is bradycardia?
What is bradycardia?
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What does a longer interval between QRS complexes indicate?
What does a longer interval between QRS complexes indicate?
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How many seconds does each box on an EKG represent?
How many seconds does each box on an EKG represent?
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What type of volume is tidal volume associated with?
What type of volume is tidal volume associated with?
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What does the expiratory reserve volume indicate?
What does the expiratory reserve volume indicate?
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What happens when cuff pressure is greater than systolic pressure?
What happens when cuff pressure is greater than systolic pressure?
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How is systolic blood pressure determined during the measurement process?
How is systolic blood pressure determined during the measurement process?
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What is the procedure for measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer?
What is the procedure for measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer?
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What role does exercise play in relation to heart rate?
What role does exercise play in relation to heart rate?
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What is the purpose of measuring the radial pulse during heart rate assessment?
What is the purpose of measuring the radial pulse during heart rate assessment?
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What should the cuff pressure be inflated to before starting the blood pressure measurement?
What should the cuff pressure be inflated to before starting the blood pressure measurement?
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What occurs at the point when cuff pressure is just below diastolic pressure?
What occurs at the point when cuff pressure is just below diastolic pressure?
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What sound is heard when the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle closes?
What sound is heard when the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle closes?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the second heart sound (S2) occur?
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the second heart sound (S2) occur?
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How does blood flow behave at a blood pressure of 70 mmHg?
How does blood flow behave at a blood pressure of 70 mmHg?
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Which structure initiates the electrical signal for heart contraction?
Which structure initiates the electrical signal for heart contraction?
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Which part of the heart does the electrical signal NOT travel to directly after the SA node?
Which part of the heart does the electrical signal NOT travel to directly after the SA node?
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What is the characteristic of the time interval between S1 and S2 compared to S2 and the next S1?
What is the characteristic of the time interval between S1 and S2 compared to S2 and the next S1?
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What does EKG represent regarding the heart?
What does EKG represent regarding the heart?
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What best describes the relationship between the nervous system and cardiac activity?
What best describes the relationship between the nervous system and cardiac activity?
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What is the primary sound associated with ventricular contraction?
What is the primary sound associated with ventricular contraction?
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Study Notes
Neuromuscular Reflexes
- Reflexes are rapid, involuntary motor responses to stimuli.
- The overall process involves: stimulus → sensory neuron (transmits sensory info) → CNS processing → motor neuron → muscle contraction.
- Spinal reflexes (e.g., patellar reflex) involve tapping a tendon, stretching a muscle, triggering a sensory neuron to transmit signal to the CNS (spinal cord). The CNS processes the signal and sends a command via a motor neuron to contract the muscle.
- Brain stem reflexes (e.g., pupillary light reflex): Light stimulates sensory neurons in the retina, sending signals to the brain stem (specifically). This results in the iris muscles contracting to constrict the pupil, thereby regulating light entering the eye. There is a cross-connection between the eyes, so light in one eye causes a reflex response in the other eye.
- These reflexes evaluate central nervous system function, spinal cord function, peripheral nervous system function, and sensory/motor neurons.
Cardiovascular Parameters - Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
- Vital signs reflect essential physiological functions.
- Blood pressure is the driving force for blood flow, measured as systolic/diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is generated by left ventricle contraction; diastolic pressure occurs when the left ventricle relaxes.
- Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope, placing the cuff around the brachial artery
- Heart rate is measured through feeling the pulse (radial pulse), multiplied by 4 to account for the 15-second interval.
- Heart rate increases during exercise to deliver more oxygen to tissues.
- Vital signs are used to evaluate the circulatory system functionality (heart, blood vessels, breathing)
Cardiac Auscultation
- Heart sounds are produced by valve closures.
- S1 (lub) is the sound of atrioventricular (AV) valve closure (during systole)
- S2 (dub) is the sound of semilunar valve closure (during diastole).
- These sounds can be interpreted by a healthcare provider during cardiac auscultation for diagnostic purposes.
EKG Monitoring
- EKG (electrocardiogram): Monitors the electrical activity of the heart.
- Depolarization initiates activity starting in the sinoatrial (SA) node (in the right atrium). The signal travels through the atria, to the atrioventricular (AV) node (located between the atria and ventricles), then to the bundle of His, and finally spreads throughout the ventricles to stimulate them to contract.
- An EKG can be used to evaluate heart rate and rhythm (using intervals between QRS complexes and the timing of P-QRS-T waves).
Spirometry/Lung Volumes
- Spirometry assesses breathing and lung volume capacity.
- Tidal volume (TV): the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): the additional volume that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume.
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): the additional volume that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume.
- Residual volume (RV): the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation; vital for lung health, necessary for continuous gas exchange.
- Spirometry can facilitate identifying potential lung diseases.
Blood Typing and Hematocrit
- Blood typing determines the presence of specific antigens (A, B, Rh).
- Blood type compatibility is crucial for blood transfusions; recipients need to be compatible with the donor blood type to avoid transfusion reactions.
- Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.
- Lower hematocrit levels indicate anemia.
Urinalysis
- Urinalysis evaluates urine for physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics.
- Physical characteristics include color (e.g., red indicates blood), clarity, and specific gravity (measuring urine concentration).
- Chemical characteristics may indicate substances like glucose, protein, or abnormal levels.
- Microscopic examination allows for observation of cells or other components, providing insights into kidney health or infections.
Pulse Oximetry
- Pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the blood.
- This measurement is presented as a percentage ranging from 95% to 100% saturation indicating adequate oxygen delivery.
Other
- Exercise increases both heart and respiratory rate.
- Normal blood pressure values are given, but are not detailed in this document.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of neuromuscular reflexes, including their rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli. This quiz delves into both spinal and brain stem reflexes, examining how sensory information is processed and leads to muscle contractions. Test your understanding of how these reflexes assess the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
