30 Questions
What is the primary function of the notochord during embryonic development?
To signal other developmental processes
Which germ layer gives rise to the blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles, and connective tissues?
Mesoderm
What is the process by which the mesoderm is formed during gastrulation?
Invagination and ingression of cells from the top layer
What is the significance of the somites in embryonic development?
They give rise to the skeletal muscles, cartilage, tendons, and dermis of the back
How are the somites formed during embryonic development?
They are formed from the mesoderm in a cranio-caudal direction
What is the significance of the neural tube formation during embryonic development?
It gives rise to the spinal cord
Which germ layer is responsible for the formation of the ectoderm and endoderm during gastrulation?
The primitive streak
What is the role of the intermediate mesoderm in embryonic development?
It contributes to the formation of the gonads and kidneys
How does the fate of the mesoderm cells depend on their location within the primitive streak?
The fate of the mesoderm cells is determined by where they migrate through the primitive streak
What is the primary function of the ectoderm during embryonic development?
To form the neural tube and spinal cord
What is the primary role of the sclerotome during vertebral development?
To form the vertebral bodies and neural arches
How do the vertebrae develop from the sclerotome?
The caudal part of one sclerotome and the cranial portion of the next sclerotome form each vertebral body
What is the role of the notochord during vertebral development?
The notochord forms the intervertebral discs
What is the role of the myotomes during vertebral development?
The myotomes form the muscle attachments to the vertebrae
What is the process by which the vertebrae form from the sclerotome?
Chondrification of the sclerotome mesenchyme
What is the significance of the somites being 'synchronous with neurulation'?
The somites and neural tube develop at the same time
What is the significance of the fact that 'when a somite has been transplanted it differentiates according to its original position'?
The somite cells have a fixed fate based on their position of origin
What is the role of the ectoderm in the differentiation of the somites?
The ectoderm sends out 'gross factor signals' that the somite cells respond to
What is the significance of the fact that 'somites appear every 90 minutes and look identical'?
The somites form at a regular, synchronized pace
What is the significance of the fact that 'somites contain multipotent cells'?
The somite cells require signals from surrounding tissues to differentiate
What is the primary role of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) in limb bud development?
It signals for proximal-distal elongation of the limb bud
What is the primary function of the progress zone in limb bud development?
It promotes proximal-distal elongation of the limb bud through cell proliferation
Which signaling molecule is responsible for specifying digit identities along the anterior-posterior axis of the limb bud?
Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
What is the primary cause of polydactyly (extra digits) in humans and animals?
Increased levels of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling
What is the primary mechanism responsible for the formation of joints and separation of digits during limb development?
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
What is the primary process responsible for the majority of fetal skeletal growth, including the development of vertebrae, ribs, and limbs?
Endochondral ossification
What are the primary sources of signals that induce the formation of dorsal or ventral cell types in the developing spinal cord?
The notochord and floor plate for ventral cell types, and the roof plate for dorsal cell types
What is the primary function of the alar and basal plates in the developing spinal cord?
They give rise to the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord, respectively
Which of the following statements is true regarding the dorsal-ventral patterning of the limb bud?
The ectoderm determines the dorsal-ventral patterning, and peeling off the ectoderm can lead to the formation of upside-down hands
What is the primary cause of nail patella syndrome, a condition characterized by hypoplastic nails and the absence of patellae?
Mutations in regulatory genes controlling dorsal-ventral patterning
Learn about the development of mesoderm from the primitive streak, its role in forming germ layers, and its significance in generating various organs and tissues including blood, heart, kidney, bones, muscles, and connective tissues during embryonic development.
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