Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two major components of the nervous system?
What are the two major components of the nervous system?
- Peripheral nervous system (correct)
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Central nervous system (correct)
What are the two major functions of the nervous system?
What are the two major functions of the nervous system?
- Central nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system (correct)
- Somatic nervous system (correct)
- Peripheral nervous system
Where are CNS components housed?
Where are CNS components housed?
Bone
Where are PNS components mostly located?
Where are PNS components mostly located?
What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?
What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?
The ANS divides into which two subsystems?
The ANS divides into which two subsystems?
What functions does the Sympathetic system serve?
What functions does the Sympathetic system serve?
Which system counteracts the responses of the sympathetic system?
Which system counteracts the responses of the sympathetic system?
What does the Somatic Nervous System control?
What does the Somatic Nervous System control?
What is the soma?
What is the soma?
What is the role of dendrites?
What is the role of dendrites?
What does an axon do?
What does an axon do?
What is the axon hillock?
What is the axon hillock?
What does the myelin sheath do?
What does the myelin sheath do?
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
What are telodendria?
What are telodendria?
What do end buttons contain?
What do end buttons contain?
What is the role of mitochondria in end buttons?
What is the role of mitochondria in end buttons?
What do neurotransmitters do?
What do neurotransmitters do?
What is the synaptic cleft?
What is the synaptic cleft?
Neurons communicate through _______ by means of ______________ substance.
Neurons communicate through _______ by means of ______________ substance.
Which division of the nervous system serves involuntary functions?
Which division of the nervous system serves involuntary functions?
Which division of the nervous system serves voluntary functions?
Which division of the nervous system serves voluntary functions?
What is an action potential (AP) of a neuron?
What is an action potential (AP) of a neuron?
What does depolarization refer to?
What does depolarization refer to?
What is propagation in the context of neurons?
What is propagation in the context of neurons?
Communication between neurons of the nervous system occurs at the _________
Communication between neurons of the nervous system occurs at the _________
____________ passing through the ________ cleft will either ________ or __________ the postsynaptic neuron.
____________ passing through the ________ cleft will either ________ or __________ the postsynaptic neuron.
If a neuron is excited sufficiently, an ___________ will be generated.
If a neuron is excited sufficiently, an ___________ will be generated.
What occurs when a neuron membrane is stimulated to ___________ the neuron?
What occurs when a neuron membrane is stimulated to ___________ the neuron?
What is resting membrane potential?
What is resting membrane potential?
The _____________ period after excitation is an interval during which the neuron cannot be excited to fire. With adequate stimulation, the neuron may fire during the _______________ period.
The _____________ period after excitation is an interval during which the neuron cannot be excited to fire. With adequate stimulation, the neuron may fire during the _______________ period.
What is muscle composed of?
What is muscle composed of?
What is the neuromuscular junction?
What is the neuromuscular junction?
What is a motor unit?
What is a motor unit?
What are slow twitch fibers?
What are slow twitch fibers?
What are fast twitch fibers?
What are fast twitch fibers?
What do muscle spindles provide information about?
What do muscle spindles provide information about?
What conveys sensation of muscle length change to the CNS?
What conveys sensation of muscle length change to the CNS?
What do Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) monitor?
What do Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) monitor?
____________ provide feedback to the neuromotor system about muscle length, tension, motion, and position.
____________ provide feedback to the neuromotor system about muscle length, tension, motion, and position.
Muscle spindles running parallel to the intrafusal muscle fibers sense lengthening of muscle, whereas ______________ sense muscle tension during active contraction.
Muscle spindles running parallel to the intrafusal muscle fibers sense lengthening of muscle, whereas ______________ sense muscle tension during active contraction.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- Composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
- Functions divided into Somatic Nervous System (voluntary control) and Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary control).
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
- CNS housed within bone (skull and vertebral column).
- PNS primarily located outside of bone.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Regulates involuntary activities of viscera.
- Divided into Sympathetic System (arousal, activation) and Parasympathetic System (rest, relaxation).
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Systems
- Sympathetic System: Causes vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure, and dilates pupils.
- Parasympathetic System: Counters sympathetic responses, slows heart rate, reduces blood pressure, and constricts pupils.
Neurons Structure
- Soma: Cell body, associated with gray matter.
- Dendrites: Receive signals, form a dendritic tree.
- Axon: Transmits signals away from soma, typically one per neuron.
- Myelin Sheath: Fatty layer around axons, speeds up conduction, associated with white matter.
- Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin crucial for signal propagation.
Communication and Synapses
- Synaptic cleft: Gap between adjacent neurons.
- Neurotransmitters: Compounds released into the synaptic cleft to activate the next neuron.
- Presynaptic neuron: Sends signal; postsynaptic neuron: receives signal through receptor sites.
Types of Synapses
- Axodendritic: On dendrites, common sites for synapses.
- Axosomatic: On soma, generally inhibitory.
- Axoaxonic: On axons, modulatory effects.
Types of Neurons
- Monopolar (Unipolar): Single process from soma.
- Bipolar: Two processes, involved in sensory functions such as smell and hearing.
- Multipolar: More than two processes, common in communication within the CNS.
Glial Cells and Support
- Astrocytes: Provide structural support, assist in nutrient transport.
- Interneurons: Facilitate communication between other neurons, reside in the CNS.
- Motor neurons (efferent): Activate muscle responses; sensory neurons (afferent): convey sensory information to CNS.
Muscle Function and Types
- Motor Units: Basic unit of muscle control, consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
- Slow Twitch Fibers: Endure longer contractions, found in postural muscles.
- Fast Twitch Fibers: Quick, powerful contractions, suited for rapid movements.
Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs
- Muscle Spindles: Detect change in muscle length, maintaining muscle tone.
- Golgi Tendon Organs: Monitor tension within tendons during contractions, working alongside muscle spindles.
Electrical Properties
- Action Potential: Brief change in electrical potential, necessary for neuron firing.
- Depolarization: Rapid rise in intracellular potential.
- Resting Membrane Potential: Electrical potential before neuron excitation.
Transport Mechanisms
- Passive Transport: No energy required for ion movement.
- Active Transport: Energy-dependent ion movement across membranes.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Afferent Innervations: Relay muscle length changes to the CNS.
- Efferent Innervations: Send impulses for intrafusal fiber contractions to maintain muscle tone.
Functional Divisions
- Automatic Nervous System: Manages involuntary activities; Somatic Nervous System: Responsible for voluntary control.
Refractory Periods
- Absolute Refractory Period: Time post-excitation where neuron cannot fire.
- Relative Refractory Period: Neuron can fire with sufficient stimulus.
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