Neuromuscular Adaptations and GAS
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Questions and Answers

If a muscle has a larger cross-sectional area (CSA) compared to another muscle with the same CSA, what can be concluded about their strength and power?

  • The larger muscle will have equal strength and power.
  • The larger muscle will have lower strength but greater power.
  • The larger muscle will have greater strength but lower power. (correct)
  • The larger muscle will have greater strength and power.

    • Which of the following factors directly contributes to the rate of ATP production in muscle cells?

  • Duration of the activity
  • The type of fuel substrate used
  • The availability of oxygen
  • Intensity of the activity (correct)

    • What is the relationship between muscle fiber pennation and shortening velocity?

  • Muscles with greater pennation have lower shortening velocity. (correct)
  • Pennation doesn't affect shortening velocity.
  • Muscles with greater pennation have faster shortening velocity but only during concentric contractions
  • Muscles with greater pennation have higher shortening velocity.

    • Which bioenergetic system primarily relies on the breakdown of phosphocreatine to replenish ATP?

    <p>Phosphagen system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes negative work in the context of muscle contractions?

    <p>Work done by a muscle when it lengthens under force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between strength and power?

    <p>Strength is the ability to exert force, while power is the rate at which force is exerted. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between muscle fiber arrangement and force production?

    <p>Muscles with a greater angle of pennation have greater force production due to more sarcomeres in parallel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy system is primarily responsible for providing ATP during activities lasting 1-3 minutes, like a 400-meter run?

    <p>Glycolytic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing strength?

    <p>Body temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to both neural adaptations and muscle hypertrophy in anaerobic training?

    <p>Increased surface area of neuromuscular junctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for strength increase during the early stages of an anaerobic training program?

    <p>Motor unit firing synchronization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the size principle during heavy-resistance training is accurate?

    <p>Recruitment of motor units is based on fiber size in a consecutive manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation occurs in proprioceptors as a result of anaerobic training?

    <p>Enhancement of stretch reflex for force development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activation can untrained individuals voluntarily achieve of their muscle tissue?

    <p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a first-class lever, how do the muscle force and resistive force act in relation to the fulcrum?

    <p>Muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a mechanical advantage greater than 1.0 indicate?

    <p>The applied force is less than the resistive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best represents a second-class lever?

    <p>Standing heel raise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a third-class lever, what happens to the muscle force in comparison to the resistive force?

    <p>Muscle force is greater than the resistive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a mechanical disadvantage such as 0.125 in a first-class lever?

    <p>The muscle moment arm is shorter than the resistive moment arm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a second-class lever configuration?

    <p>Muscle and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During elbow extension, which characteristic applies to the first-class lever's moment arms?

    <p>The moment arm of the muscle force is often shorter than the resistive force moment arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy substrate when maximal oxygen uptake exceeds 60% during exercise?

    <p>Muscle glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily limits performance during a marathon?

    <p>Fat stores and lower pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lactate production during high-intensity exercise?

    <p>To help counteract metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major component of effective program design in sports training?

    <p>Needs analysis of sport and athlete's training status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles entails systematically increasing training volume or intensity?

    <p>Progression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can recovery from high-intensity exercise be most effectively achieved?

    <p>Performing a cooldown of low-intensity exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of program design determines how often exercises are performed?

    <p>Training frequency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of rest periods in program design?

    <p>They allow for muscle recovery between sets and workouts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise is commonly limited by ATP and creatine phosphate availability?

    <p>400m sprints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Motor unit recruitment

    The process of activating more motor units to increase force production in muscles.

    Neural adaptations in training

    Changes in the nervous system that enhance muscle performance and coordination with training.

    Size principle

    Muscle fibers are recruited in order of size; smaller fibers first, then larger ones for strength.

    Muscle hypertrophy

    The increase in muscle size resulting from anaerobic training and overload.

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    Proprioceptor adaptations

    Changes in sensory receptors that enhance muscle reflexes and response to force development.

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    Lever

    A rigid body that moves an object when force is applied away from the pivot point.

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    Mechanical Advantage

    The ratio of moment arm of applied force to moment arm of resistive force.

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    First-Class Lever

    A lever where the forces act on opposite sides of the fulcrum.

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    Second-Class Lever

    A lever where muscle and resistive forces act on the same side; muscle force moment arm is longer.

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    Third-Class Lever

    A lever where muscle force and resistive force act on the same side but muscle force moment arm is shorter.

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    Force Resistance (FR)

    The force resisting the lever's rotation from applied force.

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    Moment Arm

    The distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the force.

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    Strength

    Capacity to exert force at speed.

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    Power

    Force multiplied by velocity or work divided by time.

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    Muscle Cross-Sectional Area (CSA)

    Muscle force relates to cross-sectional area, indicating strength.

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    Pennation

    Arrangement of muscle fibers; obliquely aligned fibers with a tendon.

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    Bioenergetics

    Conversion of macronutrients into usable energy forms.

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    ATP

    Adenosine triphosphate; powers energy-requiring cellular processes.

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    Phosphagen System

    Energy system in sarcoplasm using phosphocreatine and glycogen.

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    Glycolytic System

    Energy system in sarcoplasm relying on glucose for ATP production.

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    Oxidative System

    Energy system in mitochondria using fatty acids and pyruvate.

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    Muscle Glycogen

    A major energy substrate during exercise above 60% maximal oxygen uptake.

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    Glycogen Depletion

    The entire glycogen content of some muscle cells can be depleted during exercise.

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    Post-Exercise Carbohydrate Ingestion

    Influences muscle glycogen replenishment during recovery.

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    Lactate Production

    Muscles produce lactate to counteract metabolic acidosis during high-intensity exercise.

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    Cooldown Benefits

    Low-intensity cooldown helps flush out excess acidity and lactate.

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    Limiting Factors of Exercise

    Different exercises are limited by various energy sources: fat, glycogen, ATP.

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    Specificity Principle (SAID)

    Training must be tailored to the specific demands of a sport.

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    Progressive Overload

    Systematic increase in training volume or intensity required for improvement.

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    Needs Analysis

    First step in program design evaluating sport and athlete's goals.

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    Study Notes

    Neuromuscular Adaptations

    • Resistance training over 3-6 months improves force production and maximal movement.
    • Strength gains range from 25% to 100%.
    • Neural control and muscle hypertrophy are altered.
    • Strength gain potential is higher in young males.
    • Muscle plasticity levels are elevated.

    Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

    • GAS explains how the body responds to training stress.
    • The body adapts or exhausts depending on the training stimulus.
    • The alarm phase is the initial recognition of the stimulus and is often accompanied by fatigue.
    • Resistance phase is when body adaptation occurs leading to an elevated baseline.
    • Supercompensation is caused by the adaptive response, resulting in a new higher level of performance capacity.
    • Overtraining can cause performance suppression if stressors are too high.

    Muscle Damage and Adaptations

    • Unaccustomed eccentric exercise (downhill running) leads to muscle damage and the release of cytosolic enzymes and myoglobin.
    • High muscle force damage the sarcolemma.
    • Metabolites (e.g., calcium) accumulate, producing more damage.
    • Resulting reduced force capacity.

    Glycogen Supercompensation

    • Glycogen levels are affected by exercise and recovery.
    • Low glycogen levels precede exercise.
    • Following recovery, high levels of glycogen (supercompensation) are observed.
    • Normal glycogen levels exist during recovery.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the key concepts of neuromuscular adaptations resulting from resistance training, including the effects on strength gains and muscle plasticity. It also explores Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome and the body's responses to training stress, including the phases of adaptation and potential for overtraining.

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