Neurology of the Upper Limb
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Questions and Answers

What is the root value of the musculocutaneous nerve?

  • C5-7 (correct)
  • C5-6
  • C6-8
  • C7-T1

    • Which nerve provides motor innervation to the flexors of the anterior compartment of the arm?

  • Ulnar nerve
  • Musculocutaneous nerve (correct)
  • Radial nerve
  • Median nerve

    • What is the effect of musculocutaneous nerve compression or stretch?

  • Reduced strength of elbow extension
  • Reduced strength of elbow flexion (correct)
  • Loss of sensation in the medial forearm
  • Weakness of the hand

    • Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the medial palm of the hand?

    <p>Ulnar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the radial nerve?

    <p>Posterior cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the root value of the axillary nerve?

    <p>C5, C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space through which the axillary nerve exits the axilla?

    <p>Quadrangular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation to the FCU and medial ½ FDP?

    <p>Ulnar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the course of the musculocutaneous nerve in relation to the coracobrachialis?

    <p>It pierces the coracobrachialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the muscle that is not innervated by the axillary nerve?

    <p>Long head of biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of median nerve damage above the elbow?

    <p>Reduced strength of forearm flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the palsy caused by injury to the C5 and C6 roots?

    <p>Erb-Duchenne's Palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm?

    <p>Musculocutaneous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fossa where the median nerve is commonly injured?

    <p>Cubital fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

    <p>Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle that forms the medial wall of the axilla?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of axillary nerve injury?

    <p>Loss of abduction and weakened flexion, extension, and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common site of injury for the radial nerve?

    <p>Spiral groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting deformity of an axillary nerve injury?

    <p>Flat shoulder deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following spinal nerves does not innervate the upper limb?

    <p>T2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ventral root?

    <p>To transmit motor signals from the spinal cord to the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for weakness of forearm extension and wrist drop?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the deformity caused by ulnar nerve damage at the wrist?

    <p>Claw hand deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the brachial plexus formed by?

    <p>The anterior rami of C5-T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the axillary artery and the brachial plexus?

    <p>The axillary artery is surrounded by the brachial plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome caused by radial nerve entrapment beneath the brachioradialis tendon?

    <p>Wartenberg syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an injury to the major terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

    <p>Paralysis of the upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for loss of forearm pronation and 'ape hand deformity'?

    <p>Humerus fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the boundaries of the axillary space?

    <p>The scapula, the humerus, and the thoracic cage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome caused by radial nerve damage in the axilla?

    <p>Saturday night palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the ramus that supplies the posterior compartment of the upper limb?

    <p>Posterior ramus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the canal where the ulnar nerve is damaged at the wrist?

    <p>Guyon's canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurology of the Upper Limb

    • The spinal nerves that innervate the upper limb are C5-T1.
    • The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1.
    • The brachial plexus is one of the somatic plexuses.

    Organization of the Spinal Nerves

    • A spinal nerve consists of a dorsal root and a ventral root.
    • The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons.
    • The posterior ramus innervates the back muscles, while the anterior ramus innervates the limbs.
    • The sympathetic chain ganglion is located near the posterior ramus.

    Dermatomes and Myotomes of the Upper Limb

    • C5 innervates the upper lateral arm.
    • C6-8 innervates the lateral forearm.
    • C7/8 innervates the medial forearm.
    • T1 innervates the medial arm.

    The Axilla and the Organization of the Brachial Plexus

    • The axilla is a pyramidal space with an apex (cervico-axillary inlet) and a base (axillary fossa).
    • The axilla is bounded by the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, ribcage, subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, and long head of triceps brachii.
    • The brachial plexus is organized into roots, trunks, divisions, and cords.

    The Major Terminal Branches of the Brachial Plexus

    • The axillary nerve is a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6).
    • The axillary nerve exits the axilla through the quadrangular space and innervates the deltoid and teres minor.
    • The musculocutaneous nerve is a branch of the lateral cord (C5-7) and pierces the coracobrachialis.
    • The musculocutaneous nerve provides motor innervation to the anterior compartment of the arm (flexors) and continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm.
    • The median nerve is formed by the lateral and medial cords (C6-T1) and provides motor innervation to the muscles of the anterior forearm and hand.
    • The ulnar nerve is formed by the medial cord (C8, T1) and provides motor innervation to the FCU and medial ½ FDP and hand.
    • The radial nerve is formed by the posterior cord (C5-T1) and provides motor innervation to the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm (extensors).

    Sites of Nerve Injuries

    • The axillary nerve can be injured in shoulder dislocations, leading to loss of abduction and weakened flexion, extension, and rotation.
    • The musculocutaneous nerve can be injured due to muscular compression or stretch, leading to reduced and tingling sensation in the lateral skin of the forearm.
    • The median nerve can be injured in the carpal tunnel, leading to weakness of wrist flexion and loss of forearm pronation.
    • The ulnar nerve can be injured in the cubital tunnel, leading to claw hand deformity.
    • The radial nerve can be injured in the axilla or forearm, leading to weakness of forearm extension and wrist drop.
    • Drake et al. (2015) Gray’s Anatomy for Students, Chapter 7
    • Moore et al. (2014) Essential Clinical Anatomy, Chapter 6
    • Acland’s Anatomy videos:
      • 1.1.11 Landmark structures for nerves and blood vessels
      • 1.1.14 Nerves of the shoulder region: the brachial plexus
      • 1.2.12 Nerves of the arm
      • 1.3.18 Radial nerve in the forearm and hand
      • 1.3.19 Median and ulnar nerve in the forearm and hand

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    Description

    Learn about the spinal nerves and brachial plexus of the upper limb, including their subdivisions and terminal branches. Understand the boundaries of the axillary space and the consequences of injuries to the nerves.

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