Neurological System Overview

False (B)

The pyramidal tracts control voluntary skeletal muscle movement.

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory organs = Structures that receive stimuli from the environment Cranial nerves = Nerves that connect the brain to the head and neck Spinal nerves = Nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body Ganglia = Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS Dermatomes = Pathways of spinal nerves that correspond to specific areas of skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensor posturing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemiparesis is weakness affecting one side of the body, while hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coordinating movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eye response, motor response, brain stem reflexes, and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sternal rub with the knuckles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test the function of the brainstem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessing hand grip strength is part of the neurological/neuromuscular function evaluation and helps determine if the patient has weakness or paralysis in their hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oculomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CN I = Smell CN II = Hearing and balance CN III = Eyelid elevation and extraocular movements CN V = Taste and facial muscle movement CN VIII = Visual acuity and field of vision CN VII = Sensory for the face, chewing, biting, and jaw movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knee Jerk reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clonus is a series of involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions triggered by a constant stimulus. It indicates hyperreflexia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Move in the opposite direction of the head is rotated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pain and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive impulses from other cells and transmit them to the cell body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth pursuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A synapse is a gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, where neurotransmitters are used to carry the impulse across the gap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cranial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Generally excitatory in the CNS; Inhibitory to some visceral effectors Norepinephrine = The receptor it acts on determines whether it is excitatory or inhibitory Dopamine = Excitatory; Involved in control of movement and reward-motivated behavior Serotonin = Inhibitory; Regulates mood, social behavior, and sexual function/desire Endorphins/Enkephalins = Inhibitory; Control pain and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 - 180 cmH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral palsy = Genetics/ Acquired developmental disorders Huntington's disease = Genetics/ Acquired developmental disorders Meningitis = Infection and Inflammation Brain abscess = Infection and Inflammation Ruptured aneurysm = Vascular degeneration Migraine = Vascular degeneration Multiple Sclerosis = Neuromuscular disorders Myasthenia gravis = Neuromuscular disorders Parkinson’s disease = Degenerative Disorders Alzheimer’s disease = Degenerative Disorders Bells Palsy = Cranial Nerve disorders Trigeminal neuralgia = Cranial Nerve disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-15 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circle of Willis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weather patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neurolemma (Schwann sheath)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>motor, sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer oxygen as needed, regardless of the patient's respiratory status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent urinary infections, complications such as kidney stones, promote skin health, and promote independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crede</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered mobility = Provide range of motion (ROM) to prevent contractions and muscle atrophy. Dysphagia = Place the patient in high Fowler's position for meals and for at least 30 minutes afterward. Aphasia = Use self-talk, parallel-talk, expansion, and modeling to facilitate communication. Incontinence / Bladder Training Program = Implement a 2-hour toileting schedule and encourage fluid intake up to 6 pm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleanse the mouth with a toothbrush dipped in apple cider vinegar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleanse with warm sterile water or normal saline every few hours and instill artificial tears or lubricants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mentally incompetent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support and Protect the patient = Provide a stable quiet environment Teach family safety = Instruct family members about potential risks and safety measures. Provide a consistent and dependable schedule for activities = Maintain a predictable routine to minimize confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer narcotics freely to ensure maximum pain relief. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assist or provide activities of daily living (ADLs), including oral hygiene, and assist the patient to cope with loss of independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>feelings, concerns, beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correct the patient's pronunciation when they make mistakes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allow the patient to express feelings, concerns, and beliefs, and support the patient emotionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An altered state of consciousness, usually acute and short-lived.

Difficulty swallowing, affecting the ability to ingest food and liquids.

Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the Central Nervous System (CNS).

Position where arms are stiffly extended and legs are stiff with toes downward; indicates midbrain or brainstem damage.

Position with stiff legs and arms bent upward, indicating damage to the cortex.

Weakness affecting only one side of the body.

Involuntary rapid rhythmic eye movement.

Part of the brain responsible for intellect, consciousness, and voluntary movements.

Relay center in the diencephalon for sensory and motor signals; regulates consciousness and sleep.

The functional unit of the nervous system that transmits nerve impulses, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, and axon.

A long extension conducting impulses away from the cell body.

Short branches that receive signals from other cells.

The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters act.

Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses.

The state where the inside of a neuron is negatively charged.

The process of transmitting electrical signals along the neuron.

A pathway that allows for quick reflex responses.

Nerve pathways that carry sensory information to the brain.

Nerve pathways that carry impulses from the brain to the body.

Controls voluntary muscle movements.

Controls involuntary bodily functions.

Insulating layer around axons that speeds up impulses.

Mobilizes energy for 'fight or flight' responses.

Conserves energy and promotes 'rest and digest.'

Glasgow Coma Scale rating; scores from 3 to 15 indicating consciousness level.

A scale for assessing comatose or intubated patients based on four categories.

Flexor posturing indicating damage to the cortex; arms bent upward.

Extensor posturing with stiff arms indicating serious brain damage.

Evaluating consciousness by asking orientation questions.

Categorize responses from purposeful withdrawal to nonresponsive behavior.

Determine memory lapses by asking about current events or addresses.

Assess decision-making by posing scenarios or life questions.

Methods include loud voice, gentle shake, and pain stimulation for assessment.

Gather information from patient interactions and daily activities.

Three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

The innermost layer of the meninges, directly covering the brain.

Fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord, circulates in the subarachnoid space.

A circulatory structure at the base of the brain ensuring constant blood flow.

Pressure inside the skull determined by brain tissue, CSF, and blood volume.

Changes in the brain with age include neuron loss and slower impulse transmission.

Brain cells die within 4-6 minutes without oxygen, highlighting its constant need.

The outer membrane of peripheral nerve cells, aiding in repair/regeneration.

Weaker or diminished reflex responses often seen in aging or neurological disorders.

Conditions affecting the nerves that control voluntary muscles, e.g., MS and MG.

Standard pressure is 100-180 cmH2O during a lumbar puncture.

The tough outer layer of the meninges protecting the brain and spinal cord.

Decrease in brain chemicals (like dopamine) affects function and mood with aging.

Involuntary shaking or trembling movements, can occur with aging or disorders.

Comprehensive exams measure motor and sensory abilities, often in hospital settings.

Head of Bed (HOB) should be elevated 30 degrees to aid lung expansion.

Measure to maintain healthy skin; includes clean, dry, and protection.

Range of Motion (ROM) exercises prevent muscle atrophy and maintain joint mobility.

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) include essential personal care tasks.

Check swallowing ability before giving food or meds; use water test.

Program to encourage toilet use, maintain hygiene, and promote independence.

Monitor bowel habits, increase fiber, and regular toilet times to prevent incontinence.

Evaluate and manage pain to provide appropriate relief and comfort.

Receptive, expressive, and global aphasia affect communication abilities.

Verbalize actions to help the patient associate words with activities.

Explain the patient’s actions during tasks to reinforce learning.

Providing emotional reassurance helps stabilize the patient's mental health.

Address sexual issues and concerns openly, provide counseling as needed.

Assist patients in emotional coping, social reintegration, and resilience.

Educate family on care processes and resources to support patient needs.

Tests brainstem function by checking eye movement in response to head turning in an unconscious patient.

A patellar reflex that tests the contraction of the quadriceps muscle when the tendon is tapped.

Reflex responses are rated from 0 to 4, where 0 is absent and 4 is exaggerated with clonus.

Test involving scraping the sole of the foot; a normal response is toe flexion.

Olfactory nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

Facial nerve responsible for facial movements and taste sensation.

Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation; an assessment tool in eye exams.

Evaluating strength and movement in the arms and legs through resistance and movement tasks.

The sense of body position and movement, assessed by having patients close their eyes and touch their nose.

A test of the oculovestibular reflex using temperature to assess brainstem function in unconscious patients.

Routine assessments for patients at risk of neurological damage, focusing on various vital signs.

Test by tapping on the triceps tendon while the arm is bent, assessing the 7th and 8th cervical nerves.

A coordination test where patients tap each finger to the thumb quickly.