Neurological Manifestations of Herpes Virus Encephalitis: Mouse Model Study
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Questions and Answers

What was the defining histopathological feature observed in severely affected animals between days 10 and 14?

  • Extensive necrosis and severe lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis
  • Mild inflammation confined to the temporal lobe
  • Severe behavioral alterations and meningoencephalitis throughout the brain
  • Intra- and perilesional spongy changes, defined as intra- and extracellular edema (correct)

    • According to the discussion, what was a contrasting observation between severely and mildly affected mice?

  • Severely affected mice had behavioral alterations, while mildly affected mice did not.
  • Severely affected mice showed intra- and extracellular edema, while mildly affected mice did not.
  • Severely affected mice showed extensive necrosis, while mildly affected mice showed severe inflammation. (correct)
  • Severely affected mice exhibited mild meningoencephalitis, while mildly affected mice showed severe inflammation.

    • Which cytokines were observed to have a strong increase, potentially recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS?

  • CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1 (correct)
  • IL-17, IL-23, IL-12, and IFN-γ
  • IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6
  • IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-13

    • What histopathological feature was observed in severely affected animals, which is typically present in severe human herpes simplex encephalitis cases?

    <p>Extensive temporal lobe edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group and gender of CD1 mice were used to characterize this animal model?

    <p>6- to 8-week-old female CD1 mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the observed course of infection in this animal model?

    <p>A biphasic course with recurring clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs were observed in this animal model?

    <p>Behavioral alterations and meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions were primarily affected in this animal model?

    <p>Temporal and frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over what duration was the animal model investigated?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the observed course of infection in this animal model?

    <p>A biphasic course of infection accompanied by recurring clinical signs including behavioral alterations and mainly mild meningoencephalitis restricted to the temporal and frontal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining histopathological feature observed in severely affected animals between days 10 and 14?

    <p>Severe intra- and perilesional spongy changes, defined as intra- and extracellular edema of variable severity mainly confined to TL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines were observed to have a strong increase, potentially recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS?

    <p>CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Over what duration was the animal model investigated?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathological feature was observed in severely affected animals, which is typically present in severe human herpes simplex encephalitis cases?

    <p>Extensive temporal lobe edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection route should an ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis include?

    <p>Infection via the mucocutaneous route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific proportion of animals should an ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis include showing severe disease?

    <p>A small proportion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune response should a large proportion of individuals develop in an ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis?

    <p>An immune response that protects from severe disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gender of CD1 mice was used to characterize this animal model?

    <p>Female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the nature of the meningoencephalitis observed in the animal model?

    <p>Mainly mild lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)

    • HSE is a devastating neurological disease caused by herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV).
    • HSV-1 infection is the major cause of HSE.

    Clinical Signs and Symptoms

    • Patients initially present with unspecific clinical signs, including:
      • Disorientation
      • Aphasia
      • Changes in mental status
      • Disorders of cranial nerves
      • Seizures
    • Survivors suffer from long-term sequelae, including:
      • Speech dysfunctions
      • Memory and cognitive alterations
      • Epilepsy

    Mouse Model Study

    • 6- to 8-week-old female CD-1 mice were used for the study.
    • Mice were infected with PrV-∆UL21/US3∆kin virus.
    • Mice developed meningoencephalitis starting at day 9, with severe inflammation in the temporal lobe.

    Neurohistopathology

    • Brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed histopathologically.
    • Severe intra- and perilesional spongy changes were observed in the temporal lobe.
    • Extensive necrosis and mild lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis were present.

    Cytokine Response

    • A strong increase in cytokines CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1 was observed, recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS.

    Ideal Animal Model

    • An ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis should include:
      • Infection via the mucocutaneous route
      • A small proportion of animals showing severe disease
      • A large proportion of individuals developing an immune response that protects from severe disease

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    Description

    Explore insights from a study using a mouse model to understand the neurological manifestations of herpes virus encephalitis caused by neurotropic alpha herpesviruses such as HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. Learn about the devastating neurological diseases caused by these viruses and the clinical signs of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE).

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