19 Questions
What was the defining histopathological feature observed in severely affected animals between days 10 and 14?
Intra- and perilesional spongy changes, defined as intra- and extracellular edema
According to the discussion, what was a contrasting observation between severely and mildly affected mice?
Severely affected mice showed extensive necrosis, while mildly affected mice showed severe inflammation.
Which cytokines were observed to have a strong increase, potentially recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS?
CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1
What histopathological feature was observed in severely affected animals, which is typically present in severe human herpes simplex encephalitis cases?
Extensive temporal lobe edema
Which age group and gender of CD1 mice were used to characterize this animal model?
6- to 8-week-old female CD1 mice
What was the observed course of infection in this animal model?
A biphasic course with recurring clinical signs
What clinical signs were observed in this animal model?
Behavioral alterations and meningoencephalitis
Which brain regions were primarily affected in this animal model?
Temporal and frontal lobe
Over what duration was the animal model investigated?
6 months
What was the observed course of infection in this animal model?
A biphasic course of infection accompanied by recurring clinical signs including behavioral alterations and mainly mild meningoencephalitis restricted to the temporal and frontal lobe.
What is the defining histopathological feature observed in severely affected animals between days 10 and 14?
Severe intra- and perilesional spongy changes, defined as intra- and extracellular edema of variable severity mainly confined to TL
Which cytokines were observed to have a strong increase, potentially recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS?
CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1
Over what duration was the animal model investigated?
6 months
What histopathological feature was observed in severely affected animals, which is typically present in severe human herpes simplex encephalitis cases?
Extensive temporal lobe edema
What type of infection route should an ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis include?
Infection via the mucocutaneous route
What specific proportion of animals should an ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis include showing severe disease?
A small proportion
What immune response should a large proportion of individuals develop in an ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis?
An immune response that protects from severe disease
What gender of CD1 mice was used to characterize this animal model?
Female
What was the nature of the meningoencephalitis observed in the animal model?
Mainly mild lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis
Study Notes
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)
- HSE is a devastating neurological disease caused by herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV).
- HSV-1 infection is the major cause of HSE.
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
- Patients initially present with unspecific clinical signs, including:
- Disorientation
- Aphasia
- Changes in mental status
- Disorders of cranial nerves
- Seizures
- Survivors suffer from long-term sequelae, including:
- Speech dysfunctions
- Memory and cognitive alterations
- Epilepsy
Mouse Model Study
- 6- to 8-week-old female CD-1 mice were used for the study.
- Mice were infected with PrV-∆UL21/US3∆kin virus.
- Mice developed meningoencephalitis starting at day 9, with severe inflammation in the temporal lobe.
Neurohistopathology
- Brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed histopathologically.
- Severe intra- and perilesional spongy changes were observed in the temporal lobe.
- Extensive necrosis and mild lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis were present.
Cytokine Response
- A strong increase in cytokines CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1 was observed, recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS.
Ideal Animal Model
- An ideal animal model for herpesviral encephalitis should include:
- Infection via the mucocutaneous route
- A small proportion of animals showing severe disease
- A large proportion of individuals developing an immune response that protects from severe disease
Explore insights from a study using a mouse model to understand the neurological manifestations of herpes virus encephalitis caused by neurotropic alpha herpesviruses such as HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. Learn about the devastating neurological diseases caused by these viruses and the clinical signs of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE).
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