Neurological Innervation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of tone is velocity dependent?

  • Rigidity (correct)
  • Decerebrate tone
  • Spasticity
  • Decorticate tone

    • What does a positive Babinski reflex involve?

  • Inversion of the foot
  • Plantar flexion of the big toes
  • Dorsiflexion of the big toes and fanning of toes (correct)
  • Flexion of the big toes and fanning of toes

    • What type of gait is typical of unilateral upper motor neuron lesions?

  • Steppage gait
  • Hemiplegic gait (correct)
  • Scissoring gait
  • Ataxic gait

    • Which condition involves degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons?

    <p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lesion is characterized by weakness with increased reflexes and tone?

    <p>Upper motor neuron lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is the most common excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system mainly conveys afferent sensory information in the spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Connects one hemisphere to an area in the opposite hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tentorium cerebelli?

    <p>Separates the cerebellum from cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the midbrain pass through?

    <p>Tentorial notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve roots mediate arm abduction at the shoulders?

    <p>C5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the S1 nerve root?

    <p>Mediates dorsiflexion at the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical symptom of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Muscle weakness and hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is muscle strength loss measured?

    <p>On a scale from 0 to 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes fasciculations in muscles?

    <p>Denervation hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is clonus in the context of deep tendon reflex scale?

    <p>Sustained clonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does flaccid paralysis indicate?

    <p>Decreased tone and hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does foot drop affect gait?

    <p>Excessive flexion of the knee in swing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    LMN lesions are restricted to which segment of the spinal cord?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What do muscle atrophy and weakness indicate in infants?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What does a reduced deep tendon reflex scale value indicate?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential space between the skull and the periosteal layer of dura called?

    <p>Epidural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of herniation involves the movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to another?

    <p>Transtentorial herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure adheres to the surface of the brain and follows gyri and sulci like shrink wrap?

    <p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of injury for subdural hematoma?

    <p>High acceleration/deceleration trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the spinal cord is mostly gray matter and gives rise to nerve plexuses for the arms and legs?

    <p>Lumbosacral enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Protection and cushioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord has the thickest white matter?

    <p>Cervical level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does transtentorial herniation involve?

    <p>Movement of brain tissue between intracranial compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes arachnoid granulations to bulge through the dura?

    <p>Adherence to inner surface of dura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for making cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Choroid plexus in ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hematoma?

    <p>Rupture of an arterial aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract controls movement of the extremities and produces characteristic deficits when lesions occur along its path?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the somatotopic representation of motor nuclei in the motor cortex?

    <p>Homunculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract primarily controls the distal muscles of hands and feet, terminates in cervical and lumbosacral enlargements, and controls muscles on the contralateral side?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract facilitates flexor muscle tone and inhibits extensor muscle tone, leading to decorticate posturing of the upper extremities when lesioned above its level?

    <p>Rubrospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key symptom of injury or disease influencing the upper motor neuron in the motor cortex?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the thalamus into anterior and posterior limbs, housing the corticospinal tract in the posterior limb?

    <p>Internal capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do upper motor neurons (UMNs) from facial regions synapse with lower motor neurons (LMNs) in the pons?

    <p>Facial nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lesion results in unilateral facial weakness affecting the ipsilateral facial nerve?

    <p>Corticobulbar tract lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Bell's palsy," characterized by facial muscle weakness or paralysis, is caused by injury to which cranial nerve?

    <p>Cranial nerve 7 (CN VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Decorticate posturing" of the upper extremities is typically seen with a lesion above the level of which structure?

    <p>Red nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when upper motor neuron lesions occur at the cortical level?

    <p>Increased muscle reflexes (hyperreflexia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of paralysis is characterized by increased muscle tension of both lower limbs, active and hyperactive tendon reflexes, positive pathological reflexes, and scissor gait?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of upper motor neuron lesions?

    <p>Weakness with increased reflexes and tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in the nervous system?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tentorium cerebelli in the brain?

    <p>Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure mainly carries afferent sensory information in the spinal cord?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers connect one hemisphere to an area in the opposite hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>Commissural fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

    <p>It connects one hemisphere to an area in the opposite hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is associated with increased tone spasticity at the end of range of motion?

    <p>Clasp-knife phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of posture does the extension of the arm and leg on the opposite side of the lesion occur due to damage to the red nucleus in the midbrain?

    <p>Decerebrate posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by unknown etiology, degeneration of UMN, and is progressive and non-fatal?

    <p>Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical gait pattern associated with unilateral UMN lesions, where the leg is held stiffly and abducted with each swing forming a semicircle?

    <p>Hemiplegic gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sacral nerves?

    <p>Innervate bowel, bladder, and sexual function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve roots mediate leg extension at the knee?

    <p>L4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions?

    <p>Fasciculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is muscle strength loss measured?

    <p>Scale from 0 being no movement to 5 being movement possible, full resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when upper motor neuron lesions occur at the cortical level?

    <p>Decorticate posturing of the upper extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a reduced deep tendon reflex scale value indicate?

    <p>Hyporeflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would foot drop affect gait?

    <p>Lack of ankle dorsiflexion in swing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is clonus in the context of deep tendon reflex scale?

    <p>Sustained clonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes fasciculations in muscles?

    <p>(LMN) lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the slow development of symptoms in a subdural hematoma?

    <p>Gradual accumulation of venous blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of herniation does brain tissue move from one intracranial compartment to another?

    <p>Transtentorial herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the arachnoid granulations?

    <p>Absorption of excess cerebrospinal fluid into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is commonly associated with the development of an epidural hematoma?

    <p>Middle meningeal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hematoma?

    <p>Rupture of an arterial aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal cord level has the thickest white matter?

    <p>Cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Integration of sensory and motor signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract primarily controls the distal muscles of hands and feet and terminates in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements?

    <p>Lateral corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the somatotopic representation of motor nuclei in the motor cortex?

    <p>Homunculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes facial muscle weakness or paralysis associated with Bell's palsy?

    <p>Injury to the corticobulbar tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do upper motor neurons (UMNs) from facial regions synapse with lower motor neurons (LMNs) in the pons?

    <p>Facial nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the thalamus into anterior and posterior limbs and houses the corticospinal tract in the posterior limb?

    <p>Internal capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait characterizes decorticate posturing of the upper extremities typically seen with a lesion above the level of the red nuclei?

    <p>Facilitated flexor muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of paralysis is characterized by increased muscle tension of both lower limbs, active and hyperactive tendon reflexes, positive pathological reflexes, and scissor gait?

    <p>Spastic paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to unilateral facial weakness affecting the ipsilateral facial nerve?

    <p>(UMN) lesion in motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract facilitates flexor muscle tone and inhibits extensor muscle tone, leading to decorticate posturing of upper extremities when lesioned above its level?

    <p>Rubrospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway controls movement of the extremities and produces characteristic deficits when lesions occur along its path?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms synapses on lower motor neurons (LMNs) in the central gray matter of the spinal cord and brainstem motor nuclei?

    <p>Corticobulbar tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurology and Neuroanatomy

    • Velocity-dependent tone is a type of tone that changes with the speed of movement.

    Reflexes and Motor Systems

    • A positive Babinski reflex involves fanning of the toes and flexion of the knee.
    • Unilateral upper motor neuron lesions typically exhibit a spastic gait.
    • ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) involves degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons.
    • Weakness with increased reflexes and tone is characterized by an upper motor neuron lesion.

    Neurotransmitters and Neurophysiology

    • Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter involved in excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP).

    Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System

    • The dorsal columns of the spinal cord primarily convey afferent sensory information.
    • The corpus callosum is responsible for interhemispheric communication.
    • The tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum and provides support for the cerebrum.

    Cranial Nerve and Lesions

    • The midbrain passes through the tentorium cerebelli.
    • The C5 and C6 nerve roots mediate arm abduction at the shoulders.
    • The S1 nerve root is responsible for foot extension.
    • Lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions typically exhibit flaccid paralysis.

    Neurological Signs and Symptoms

    • Muscle strength loss is measured using the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale.
    • Fasciculations in muscles are caused by LMN lesions.
    • Clonus is a series of rapid, rhythmic contractions in response to sudden stretching of a muscle.
    • Flaccid paralysis indicates LMN lesions.

    Neuroanatomy

    • The subdural space is the potential space between the skull and the periosteal layer of dura.
    • Transtentorial herniation involves the movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to another.
    • The pia mater is a layer of meninges that closely adheres to the surface of the brain and follows gyri and sulci.
    • The common cause of injury for subdural hematoma is a blow to the head.
    • The cervical and lumbosacral enlargements are segments of the spinal cord that give rise to nerve plexuses for the arms and legs.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid and Ventricles

    • The main function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is to cushion the brain and spinal cord.
    • The choroid plexus is responsible for making cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Movement and Motor Control

    • The corticospinal tract is responsible for controlling the movement of the extremities.
    • The lateral corticospinal tract primarily controls the distal muscles of hands and feet.
    • The rubrospinal tract facilitates flexor muscle tone and inhibits extensor muscle tone.

    Clinical Syndromes

    • Upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions are characterized by increased muscle tone, hyperactive tendon reflexes, and positive pathological reflexes.
    • The key symptom of UMN lesions is spasticity.
    • Decorticate posturing is typically seen with lesions above the level of the red nucleus.

    Neurological Disorders

    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by unknown etiology, degeneration of UMN, and is progressive and non-fatal.
    • The main characteristic of UMN lesions is increased muscle tone.

    Other

    • The sacral nerves are responsible for controlling the muscles of the lower limbs.
    • The primary function of the arachnoid granulations is to absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • Epidural hematoma is commonly associated with injury to the middle meningeal artery.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of neurological innervation with this quiz. Identify the nerve roots responsible for various muscle movements and functions in the body.

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