Neuro disorder part 2

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Which pathophysiological process underlies the diverse neurological symptoms observed in multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Inflammation of peripheral nerves resulting in peripheral neuropathy.
Progressive atrophy of cerebral cortex leading to cognitive decline.
Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques causing neuronal death.
Degeneration of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system disrupting nerve impulse transmission. (correct)

A 35-year-old female presents with diplopia, lower extremity weakness and paresthesia. These symptoms have occurred intermittently over the last two years, with periods of complete resolution. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (correct)
Parkinson's Disease
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Which of the following factors is least likely to trigger an exacerbation of symptoms in a patient diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Intense physical therapy sessions.
Emotional stress related to work or relationships.
Exposure to extreme heat and humidity.
Consistent participation in low-impact aerobic exercise. (correct)

A patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) reports increased urinary frequency and urgency. Which medication would the nurse expect to be prescribed to manage these symptoms?

Pro-Banthine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for administering high doses of corticosteroids during an acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

To suppress the inflammatory response and limit the severity of the exacerbation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) is experiencing significant fatigue and weakness, impacting their ability to perform daily activities. Besides medications, what non-pharmacological intervention should the nurse recommend to help manage fatigue?

Scheduling regular rest periods throughout the day and pacing activities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is most important for the nurse to include in the plan of care for a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) experiencing bowel and bladder incontinence?

Establishing a regular toileting schedule and monitoring bowel movements. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) is having difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Which of the following strategies should the nurse implement to promote safe swallowing and prevent aspiration?

Encourage the patient to sit upright and tuck their chin toward their chest while swallowing. (E) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with Parkinson's disease is prescribed carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet). Which instruction is most crucial for the nurse to emphasize regarding medication management?

Adhere strictly to the prescribed dosing schedule and avoid missing doses to maintain stable drug levels. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with Parkinson's disease experiences freezing episodes during ambulation. Which intervention should you implement to assist the patient in overcoming this difficulty?

Encourage the patient to lift their toes while stepping. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Patients with Alzheimer's disease who have difficulty performing routine tasks and experience subtle memory lapses are likely in which stage of the disease?

Early stage (mild) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention for a patient with Parkinson's disease experiencing dysphagia?

Positioning the patient upright during meals and providing easily chewed and swallowed foods. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with advanced Parkinson's disease develops urinary incontinence with frequency. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?

Implement a scheduled toileting regimen and monitor for urinary retention. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the underlying pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease?

Deficiency of dopamine in brain neurons, resulting in impaired motor control and coordination. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When providing care for a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS), what action should the nurse prioritize to manage heat sensitivity?

Ensure the patient's environment is cool, quiet, and peaceful to minimize triggers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with Parkinson's disease is scheduled for deep brain stimulation (DBS). What preoperative instruction should the healthcare provider emphasize to the patient?

Discontinue medications several days prior to DBS surgery to assess optimal electrode placement. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should the nurse include in the care plan for a patient with Parkinson's disease to address impaired balance and coordination?

Instruct the patient to use assistive devices like walkers or canes to improve stability. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is most appropriate for a patient with Parkinson's disease who is experiencing constipation?

Increase fiber intake and fluids to promote bowel regularity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

When caring for a patient with MS, what is the rationale behind scheduling regular rest periods?

To avoid fatigue. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instructions should a nurse provide to the family of a patient in the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease to promote safety?

Maintain a consistent daily routine and simplify tasks to reduce confusion. (C) Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with Parkinson's disease experiencing postural hypotension, what is an essential safety intervention the nurse should implement?

Advise the patient to change positions slowly to prevent blood pressure drops. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate method for definitively diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?

Autopsy examination of brain tissue after death. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During an admission assessment, a patient with Parkinson's disease exhibits a mask-like face, monotone voice, and drooling. What is the priority nursing intervention?

Assist with frequent oral hygiene to prevent skin breakdown and aspiration. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient in the late stage of Alzheimer's disease exhibits increasing motor problems, including difficulty with motor planning. Which specific motor impairment aligns with this observation?

Apraxia, characterized by the difficulty with motor planning despite intact motor function. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with late-stage Alzheimer's disease demonstrates an inability to recognize familiar objects despite having intact visual acuity. Which of the following conditions best explains this?

Visual agnosia, referring to the inability to recognize objects despite intact sensory function. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most accurate method for definitively diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?

Examining brain tissue post-mortem during an autopsy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient with Alzheimer's disease exhibits signs of agitation and unpredictable behavior. Which of the following medications, known for potential adverse effects in older adults, requires particularly careful monitoring when used to manage these symptoms?

Benzodiazepines such as Ativan or neuroleptics like Haldol (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale for using finger foods for a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

Finger foods align with the wandering behavior often seen in Alzheimer's patients. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason to avoid arguing with a patient who has Alzheimer's disease, especially in later stages?

Arguing can reinforce their disorientation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is most appropriate for managing the agitation of a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

Using redirection and diversions in a calm manner. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis?

Autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale behind performing plasmapheresis for a patient experiencing a myasthenic crisis?

To filter the blood and remove the circulating antibodies. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for patients with Myasthenia Gravis to avoid crowds during flu and cold season?

To reduce the risk of infections that can trigger exacerbations of the disease. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Myasthenia Gravis, what is the primary purpose of administering anticholinesterase drugs such as neostigmine or pyridostigmine?

To inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby prolonging its action at the neuromuscular junction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale behind advising Myasthenia Gravis patients to eat sitting up?

To minimize the risk of aspiration due to swallowing difficulties. (D) Signup and view all the answers

During an exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis, which nursing intervention is most crucial for preserving the patient's energy and preventing complications?

Providing minimal activity and scheduling rest periods to reduce fatigue. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary rationale for performing a thymectomy in some patients with Myasthenia Gravis?

To remove a thymoma or abnormal thymus gland contributing to the autoimmune response. (A) Signup and view all the answers

While caring for a client with Myasthenia Gravis, the nurse observes ptosis, as well as weakened neck and facial muscles. Which of the following nursing diagnoses would be the MOST appropriate for this client?

Risk for aspiration related to difficulty with chewing and swallowing. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A chronic, progressive, degenerative neurological disease involving myelin sheath degeneration.

MS Exacerbations

Periods of worsening symptoms in MS.