Neurological Disorders and Motor Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal system?

To process visual and vestibular information

To control the autonomic nervous system

To transmit sensory information from the periphery

To modulate and fine-tune motor outputs (correct)

Which structure allows for learning and adjustment in motor outputs?

Motor cortex

Supplementary motor area

Cerebellum (correct)

Basal ganglia

What is the primary function of the supplementary motor area?

Controlling eye movements

Programing complex motor movements (correct)

Regulating emotional responses

Processing sensory information

What is the primary route by which the extrapyramidal system influences motor outputs?

Via feedback loops and instruction to the AHC Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of dysfunction in the motor system?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are found in muscle spindles?

Proprioceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the brainstem in the motor system?

To transmit motor commands to the periphery Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thalamus in the motor system?

To process sensory information Signup and view all the answers

What can be a threat to the system in the context of trauma?

Ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Parkinson's disease?

Lewy body accumulation in areas outside the CNS Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of cerebellar ataxia?

Upper-limb and lower-limb dysmetria Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis of parkinsonism based on?

Bradykinesia and at least one other symptom Signup and view all the answers

What is the management approach for ataxia?

Symptomatic therapy and physical measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in MS patients?

Some benefit Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an incoordination of movement and unsteadiness due to cerebellar dysfunction?

Ataxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disease characterized by Lewy body accumulation in areas of the body?

Parkinson's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of chorea in terms of movement?

Rapid, non-stereotyped, and involuntary Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual site of the lesion resulting in ballismus?

Subthalamic nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment approach for chorea?

Combination of aetiology-based and symptomatic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of dystonia in terms of muscle contraction?

Involuntary, sustained contraction of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual age of onset for Sydenham's chorea?

Childhood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of AIDP (Guillain Barre)?

Lower motor neuron disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment approach for Sydenham's chorea?

Symptomatic treatment with haloperidol and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Brain Abscess?

Hematogenous spread or contiguous spread Signup and view all the answers

What are the cardinal features of Meningitis?

Headache, neck stiffness and confusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the common cause of Encephalitis?

Herpes Simplex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for AIDP (Guillain Barre)?

Observation, IVIG, Support, Physiotherapy, and Occupational therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Meningoencephalitis?

Many (bacteria, viruses, parasites, malignancy, paraneoplastic disease) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of Brain Abscess?

Pimple in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Encephalitis?

Supportive therapy and antibiotics (for herpes or CMV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of early onset for dystonia?

26 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of UMN weakness?

Increased tone (spastic) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

Poliomyelitis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscular dystrophy is caused by a deficiency of dystrophin?

Duchene muscular dystrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapy for muscular dystrophy?

Supportive therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy?

AIDP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of UMN weakness?

Brain lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for botulinum toxin therapy?

Chemodenervation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurological Infective and Degenerative Diseases

The extrapyramidal and spinocerebellar systems modulate and fine-tune outputs, evaluating and adjusting based on feedback to achieve desired outcomes.
The cerebellum enables learning and adjustment, together with the cortex.
The extrapyramidal system influences output from the cortex via feedback loops and instructions to the AHC via reticulo-spinal fibers.

Parkinson's Disease

Neurodegenerative disease characterized by Lewy body accumulation in areas of the body, resulting in dysfunction.
Classic degeneration occurs in the Substantia nigra pars compacta.
Diagnosis involves bradykinesia and at least one of the following: muscular rigidity, 4-6 Hz resting tremor, or postural instability.

Cerebellar Ataxia

Characterized by incoordination of movement and unsteadiness due to cerebellar dysfunction.
Clinical examination reveals gait disorder with imbalance, staggering, difficulties with tandem walking, upper-limb and lower-limb dysmetria, and saccadic ocular pursuit.
Management involves treating the underlying etiology, and symptomatic therapy including physical measures and medications.

Chorea and Ballismus

Chorea is characterized by irregular, rapid, non-stereotyped, random, and involuntary movement.
Ballismus is proximal chorea resulting in large amplitude movements.
Classified according to etiology, and therapy relates to etiology and symptomatic therapy usually involving butoryphenones or antidopaminergics.

Dystonia

Characterized by involuntary sustained contraction of muscles or groups of muscles resulting in abnormal posture, often associated with a tremor.
Classified by age of onset, distribution, and other factors.
Therapy involves botulinum toxin and physical therapy.

UMN and LMN Weakness

UMN (Upper Motor Neuron) weakness: characterized by increased tone, brisk reflexes, and extensor plantar responses.
LMN (Lower Motor Neuron) weakness: characterized by reduced tone, reduced or absent reflexes, and wasting of muscles.
Causes of UMN and LMN weakness include brain lesions, spine lesions, demyelination, and peripheral neuropathy.

Muscular Dystrophies

Many causes of muscular dystrophy, with pattern of weakness defining the type.
Examples include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and congenital myopathy.
Therapy is usually supportive, involving occupational therapy and physiotherapy.

Infectious Diseases

Poliomyelitis: inflammation of the grey matter in the spinal cord, usually caused by polio or other viruses.
AIDP (Guillain-Barré syndrome): acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, often preceded by an infection.
Brain abscess: bacterial or fungal infection of the brain, can be caused by hematogenous or contiguous spread.
Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges, often caused by bacterial or viral infection.
Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain tissue, often caused by viral or bacterial infection.

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Description

This quiz covers neurological diseases and the motor systems, including the extrapyramidal and spinocerebellar systems, and their role in modulating outputs and achieving desired outcomes.