Neurological Disorders and Motor Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the extrapyramidal system?

  • To process visual and vestibular information
  • To control the autonomic nervous system
  • To transmit sensory information from the periphery
  • To modulate and fine-tune motor outputs (correct)

    • Which structure allows for learning and adjustment in motor outputs?

  • Motor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Basal ganglia

    • What is the primary function of the supplementary motor area?

  • Controlling eye movements
  • Programing complex motor movements (correct)
  • Regulating emotional responses
  • Processing sensory information

    • What is the primary route by which the extrapyramidal system influences motor outputs?

    <p>Via feedback loops and instruction to the AHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of dysfunction in the motor system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are found in muscle spindles?

    <p>Proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the brainstem in the motor system?

    <p>To transmit motor commands to the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus in the motor system?

    <p>To process sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a threat to the system in the context of trauma?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Lewy body accumulation in areas outside the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of cerebellar ataxia?

    <p>Upper-limb and lower-limb dysmetria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis of parkinsonism based on?

    <p>Bradykinesia and at least one other symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the management approach for ataxia?

    <p>Symptomatic therapy and physical measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in MS patients?

    <p>Some benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an incoordination of movement and unsteadiness due to cerebellar dysfunction?

    <p>Ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a disease characterized by Lewy body accumulation in areas of the body?

    <p>Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of chorea in terms of movement?

    <p>Rapid, non-stereotyped, and involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual site of the lesion resulting in ballismus?

    <p>Subthalamic nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for chorea?

    <p>Combination of aetiology-based and symptomatic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

    <p>Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of dystonia in terms of muscle contraction?

    <p>Involuntary, sustained contraction of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual age of onset for Sydenham's chorea?

    <p>Childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of AIDP (Guillain Barre)?

    <p>Lower motor neuron disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for Sydenham's chorea?

    <p>Symptomatic treatment with haloperidol and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Brain Abscess?

    <p>Hematogenous spread or contiguous spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal features of Meningitis?

    <p>Headache, neck stiffness and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of Encephalitis?

    <p>Herpes Simplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for AIDP (Guillain Barre)?

    <p>Observation, IVIG, Support, Physiotherapy, and Occupational therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Meningoencephalitis?

    <p>Many (bacteria, viruses, parasites, malignancy, paraneoplastic disease)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Brain Abscess?

    <p>Pimple in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Encephalitis?

    <p>Supportive therapy and antibiotics (for herpes or CMV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of early onset for dystonia?

    <p>26 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of UMN weakness?

    <p>Increased tone (spastic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

    <p>Poliomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscular dystrophy is caused by a deficiency of dystrophin?

    <p>Duchene muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapy for muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Supportive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy?

    <p>AIDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of UMN weakness?

    <p>Brain lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for botulinum toxin therapy?

    <p>Chemodenervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurological Infective and Degenerative Diseases

    • The extrapyramidal and spinocerebellar systems modulate and fine-tune outputs, evaluating and adjusting based on feedback to achieve desired outcomes.
    • The cerebellum enables learning and adjustment, together with the cortex.
    • The extrapyramidal system influences output from the cortex via feedback loops and instructions to the AHC via reticulo-spinal fibers.

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Neurodegenerative disease characterized by Lewy body accumulation in areas of the body, resulting in dysfunction.
    • Classic degeneration occurs in the Substantia nigra pars compacta.
    • Diagnosis involves bradykinesia and at least one of the following: muscular rigidity, 4-6 Hz resting tremor, or postural instability.

    Cerebellar Ataxia

    • Characterized by incoordination of movement and unsteadiness due to cerebellar dysfunction.
    • Clinical examination reveals gait disorder with imbalance, staggering, difficulties with tandem walking, upper-limb and lower-limb dysmetria, and saccadic ocular pursuit.
    • Management involves treating the underlying etiology, and symptomatic therapy including physical measures and medications.

    Chorea and Ballismus

    • Chorea is characterized by irregular, rapid, non-stereotyped, random, and involuntary movement.
    • Ballismus is proximal chorea resulting in large amplitude movements.
    • Classified according to etiology, and therapy relates to etiology and symptomatic therapy usually involving butoryphenones or antidopaminergics.

    Dystonia

    • Characterized by involuntary sustained contraction of muscles or groups of muscles resulting in abnormal posture, often associated with a tremor.
    • Classified by age of onset, distribution, and other factors.
    • Therapy involves botulinum toxin and physical therapy.

    UMN and LMN Weakness

    • UMN (Upper Motor Neuron) weakness: characterized by increased tone, brisk reflexes, and extensor plantar responses.
    • LMN (Lower Motor Neuron) weakness: characterized by reduced tone, reduced or absent reflexes, and wasting of muscles.
    • Causes of UMN and LMN weakness include brain lesions, spine lesions, demyelination, and peripheral neuropathy.

    Muscular Dystrophies

    • Many causes of muscular dystrophy, with pattern of weakness defining the type.
    • Examples include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and congenital myopathy.
    • Therapy is usually supportive, involving occupational therapy and physiotherapy.

    Infectious Diseases

    • Poliomyelitis: inflammation of the grey matter in the spinal cord, usually caused by polio or other viruses.
    • AIDP (Guillain-Barré syndrome): acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, often preceded by an infection.
    • Brain abscess: bacterial or fungal infection of the brain, can be caused by hematogenous or contiguous spread.
    • Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges, often caused by bacterial or viral infection.
    • Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain tissue, often caused by viral or bacterial infection.

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    Description

    This quiz covers neurological diseases and the motor systems, including the extrapyramidal and spinocerebellar systems, and their role in modulating outputs and achieving desired outcomes.

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