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Questions and Answers
The autonomic nervous system coordinates which of the following?
The autonomic nervous system coordinates which of the following?
- Internal organs of the body (correct)
- High-level cognitive function
- Balance and equilibrium
- Balance and affect
- Emotions and behavior
The major function of the sympathetic nervous system is to:
The major function of the sympathetic nervous system is to:
- Contribute input from visual, labyrinthine, and proprioceptive sources
- Coordinate fine motor movement
- Perceive stereognosis
- Determine proprioception
- Orchestrate the stress response (correct)
The parasympathetic nervous system maintains the day-to-day function of:
The parasympathetic nervous system maintains the day-to-day function of:
- Coordinating fine motor movements
- Lymphatic drainage of the brain
- Response to stress
- Lymphatic supply to the brain
- Digestion (correct)
The motor cortex of the brain is in the:
The motor cortex of the brain is in the:
The thalamus is the major integration center for perception of:
The thalamus is the major integration center for perception of:
The awareness of body position is known as:
The awareness of body position is known as:
If a patient cannot shrug the shoulders against resistance, which cranial nerve (CN) requires further evaluation?
If a patient cannot shrug the shoulders against resistance, which cranial nerve (CN) requires further evaluation?
The major portion of brain growth and myelinization occurs between ____ year(s) of age.
The major portion of brain growth and myelinization occurs between ____ year(s) of age.
Motor maturation proceeds in an orderly progression from:
Motor maturation proceeds in an orderly progression from:
A neurologic past medical history should include data about:
A neurologic past medical history should include data about:
You are initially evaluating the equilibrium of Ms. Q. She loses her balance. Ms. Q has a positive:
You are initially evaluating the equilibrium of Ms. Q. She loses her balance. Ms. Q has a positive:
The finger-to-nose test allows assessment of:
The finger-to-nose test allows assessment of:
You are performing a two-point discrimination test as part of a well physical examination. The area with the ability to discern two points in the shortest distance is the:
You are performing a two-point discrimination test as part of a well physical examination. The area with the ability to discern two points in the shortest distance is the:
As Mr. B enters the room, you observe that his gait is wide-based and he staggers from side to side while swaying his trunk. You would document Mr. B's pattern as:
As Mr. B enters the room, you observe that his gait is wide-based and he staggers from side to side while swaying his trunk. You would document Mr. B's pattern as:
Deep pressure tests are used mostly for patients who are experiencing:
Deep pressure tests are used mostly for patients who are experiencing:
You have asked a patient to close his eyes and identify an object placed in his hand. You are evaluating:
You have asked a patient to close his eyes and identify an object placed in his hand. You are evaluating:
Which one of the following conditions is consistent with Brown-Sequard syndrome?
Which one of the following conditions is consistent with Brown-Sequard syndrome?
When using a monofilament to assess sensory function, the examiner:
When using a monofilament to assess sensory function, the examiner:
It is especially important to test for ankle clonus if:
It is especially important to test for ankle clonus if:
When assessing a 17-year-old patient for nuchal rigidity, you gently raise his head off the examination table. He involuntarily flexes his hips and knees. To confirm your suspicions associated with this positive test result, you would also perform a test for the _____ sign.
When assessing a 17-year-old patient for nuchal rigidity, you gently raise his head off the examination table. He involuntarily flexes his hips and knees. To confirm your suspicions associated with this positive test result, you would also perform a test for the _____ sign.
Cranial nerve XII may be assessed in an infant by:
Cranial nerve XII may be assessed in an infant by:
Which of the following is a concern, rather than an expected finding, in older adults?
Which of the following is a concern, rather than an expected finding, in older adults?
Emotional lability, personality changes, and contralateral hemiplegia greater in the lower than upper extremities indicates a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurring in the:
Emotional lability, personality changes, and contralateral hemiplegia greater in the lower than upper extremities indicates a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurring in the:
A postinfectious disorder following a nonspecific gastrointestinal or respiratory infection that causes acute neuromuscular paralysis is:
A postinfectious disorder following a nonspecific gastrointestinal or respiratory infection that causes acute neuromuscular paralysis is:
The immune system attacks the synaptic junction between the nerve and muscle fibers blocking acetylcholine receptor sites in:
The immune system attacks the synaptic junction between the nerve and muscle fibers blocking acetylcholine receptor sites in:
A clinical syndrome of intracranial hypertension that mimics brain tumors is:
A clinical syndrome of intracranial hypertension that mimics brain tumors is:
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System
- Coordinates internal organs through sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
- Not responsible for high-level cognitive functions, emotions, or balance.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- Major function is orchestrating the stress response (fight or flight).
- Key role in emergency preparation; does not coordinate fine motor movement.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Maintains day-to-day body functions, particularly digestion.
- Functions to conserve energy and manage routine physiological activities.
Motor Cortex
- Located in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary skeletal movements.
- Coordinates fine motor actions and eye movement control.
Thalamus
- Major integration center for pain perception and other sensations.
- Acts as a relay between the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
Proprioception
- Refers to the awareness of body position, dependent on the parietal lobe.
- Essential for the body’s recognition of spatial positioning.
Cranial Nerve XI
- Responsible for shoulder shrugging; evaluation required when this function is impaired.
- Other cranial nerves are associated with different sensory and motor functions.
Brain Growth
- Major brain growth and myelination occurs in the first year of life.
- Critical developmental period for neurological systems.
Motor Maturation
- Follows a cephalocaudal progression, starting from the head and moving downward.
- Essential for understanding developmental milestones in infants.
Neurologic History
- Should include data pertaining to neurovascular problems such as strokes or aneurysms.
- Other elements like educational level and immunizations are less relevant.
Romberg Sign
- Indicates balance; a positive result is observed when a person loses balance with feet together and eyes closed.
Finger-to-Nose Test
- Assesses coordination and fine motor function through a simple movement task.
Two-Point Discrimination
- Most acute on fingertips where two points can be discerned 2-8 mm apart.
- Less sensitive in areas like the back and chest.
Cerebellar Ataxia
- Characterized by a wide-based gait and staggering movements.
- Indicates potential cerebellar dysfunction.
Deep Pressure Tests
- Used when superficial pain sensation is absent to assess neurologic function.
Stereognosis
- Ability to recognize objects by touch, tested by placing objects in the hand with eyes closed.
Brown-Séquard Syndrome
- Characterized by motor paralysis and proprioceptive loss on the same side of the body as the lesion.
- Pain and temperature sensation loss occurs on the opposite side.
Monofilament Testing
- Assesses sensory function by applying pressure until filament bends, crucial for diabetic neuropathy assessments.
Ankle Clonus
- Tested when deep tendon reflexes are hyperactive; clonus indicates upper motor neuron lesions.
Meningeal Signs
- Brudzinski and Kernig signs are used to assess for meningeal irritation.
Cranial Nerve XII in Infants
- Assessed by observing sucking and swallowing; indicates proper nerve function.
Concerns in Older Adults
- Bilateral pill-rolling hand movements could indicate Parkinson's disease, while other findings may be expected with aging.
Stroke Indicators
- CVA symptoms include personality changes and hemiplegia; anterior cerebral artery involvement is typically associated with leg motor control.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- Autoimmune disorder leading to acute neuromuscular paralysis post-infection.
Myasthenia Gravis
- An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks acetylcholine receptors, affecting muscle activation.
Pseudotumor Cerebri
- Condition mimicking brain tumors due to increased intracranial pressure, associated with conditions like obesity.
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